Frances M. Young, «Monotheism and Christology», in Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young, eds., The Cambridge History of Christianity: Origins to Constantine (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006), 452–469; Brian E. Daley, «Christ and Christologies», in Susan Ashbrook Harvey and David Hunter, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2008), 886–905.

О крови Бога см. Игнатий, Ефесянам 1:1 у Bart Ehrman, ed. and trans., The Apostolic Fathers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2003), 1:219; Allen Brent, Ignatius of Antioch (London: T & T Clark, 2007).

Alois Grillmeier, Christ in Christian Tradition, vol1., From the Apostolic Age to Chalcedon (451), rev. ed., trans. John Bowden (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 1975).

Jaroslav Pelikan and Valerie Hotchkiss, eds., Creeds and Confessions of Faith in the Christian Tradition, 4 vols. (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 2003); Richard Price and Mary Whitby, eds., Chalcedon in Context (Liverpool: Liverpool Univ. Press, 2009).

Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854), 5:235.

Witold Witakowski, trans., The Chronicle of Pseudo-Dionysius of Tell-Mahre (Liverpool: Liverpool Univ. Press, 1996), 35–36.

Цитируется по: R. Payne Smith, ed., The Third Part of the Ecclesiastical History of John Bishop of Ephesus (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1860), 7–8.

Richard Price and Michael Gaddis, eds., The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon (Liverpool: Liverpool Univ. Press, 2007), 2:156 for «Slaughter him!» For the «Gangster Synod», see William Bright, The Age of the Fathers (London: Longmans, Green, 1903), 2:479–494; John Chapman, «Robber Council of Ephesus», Catholic Encyclopedia (1909), vol5., at http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05495a.htm.

W. H. C. Frend, The Rise of the Monophysite Movement (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1972); W. H. C. Frend. The Rise of Christianity (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984).

О стойких религиозных и культурных тенденциях той эпохи см. Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom, rev. ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003). Gerald O’Collins, Christology (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1995). Кроме того, работая над данной книгой, я пользовался Henry Chadwick, The Church in Ancient Society (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2001).

Thomas R. Lindlof, Hollywood Under Siege (Univ. Press of Kentucky, 2008).

Averil Cameron, «The Cult of the Virgin in Late Antiquity», in R. N. Swanson, ed., The Church and Mary (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2004), 1—21; Miri Rubin, Mother of God (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 2009).

Stephen W. Need, Truly Divine and Truly Human (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson 2008).

Pauline Allen, «The Definition and Enforcement of Orthodoxy», in Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins, and Michael Whitby, eds., The Cambridge Ancient History: Late Antiquity and Successors a.d.425–600 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000), 811–834; Mark Edwards, «Synods and Councils», in Augustine Casiday and Frederick W. Norris, eds., The Cambridge History of Christianity: Constantine to c.600 (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007), 367–385; and Karl-Heinz Uthemann, «History of Christology to the Seventh Century», in the same volume, 460–500.

Grillmeier, Apostolic Age to Chalcedon, 520–542; Robert Victor Sellers, The Council of Chalcedon (London: S. P. C. K., 1953); Price and Gaddis, eds., Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 1:1—75. В 1951 году католическая церковь все еще считала собор достаточно важным, чтобы устроить торжества в честь его 1500-летия: Alois Grillmeier, ed., Das Konzil von Chalkedon, 3 vols. (Wrzburg, Germany: Echter-Verl, 1951).

J. N. D. Kelly, The Athanasian Creed (New York: Harper and Row, 1964).

Цитаты из Льва Великого, «Letters and Sermons», in Philip Schaff and H. Wace, eds. A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church (New York: Christian Literature Company, 1895), series 2, vol.12, 39–43; p.41; о Лазаре:.Alois Grillmeier, Christ in Christian Tradition, vol.2, From the Council of Chalcedon (451) to Gregory the Great (590–604) (London: Mowbray, 1996); Bernard Green, The Soteriology of Leo the Great (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2008).

Видоизмененная цитата из Льва Великого по «Letters and Sermons», in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 58.

Цитируется по J. Stevenson, Creeds, Councils and Controversies (London: S. P. C. K., 1966), 98. Donald Fairbairn, Grace and Christology in the Early Church (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2003).

Norman Russell, The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition, rev. ed. (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006).

Frend, Rise of Christianity.

Paul B. Clayton, The Christology of Theodoret of Cyrus (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2007). В качестве современного примера можно вспомнить о спорах вокруг богослова из иезуитов Иона Собрино, христологические представления которого навлекли на себя яростную критику со стороны Ватикана. См., например, его книгу Jon Sobrino, Christology at the Crossroads (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1978).

Brown, Rise of Western Christendom, 113–122. Jaroslav Pelikan, Jesus through the Centuries (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1999).

Clayton, Christology of Theodoret of Cyrus.

Elizabeth S. Bolman, ed., Monastic Visions (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 2002); Robert S. Nelson and Kristen M. Collins, eds., Holy Image, Hallowed Ground (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2006). For Christ as infant, see Evagrius, «History of the Church», in Edward Walford, ed., A History of the Church (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854), 258; Nestorius, The Bazaar of Heracleides, ed., G. R. Driver and Leonard Hodgson (Oxford: Clarendon, 1925), 137–138.

Euan Cameron, Interpreting Christian History (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005).

Ramsay MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire a.d.100–400 (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1986), 93.

Philip Jenkins, The Lost History of Christianity (San Francisco: Harper One, 2008).

Eugène Hyvernat, «Coptic Persecutions», Catholic Encyclopedia (1911), vol.11, at http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11707a.htm. Birger A. Pearson and James E. Goehring, eds., The Roots of Egyptian Christianity (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1986); Stephen J. Davis, The Early Coptic Papacy (Cairo: American Univ. in Cairo Press, 2005); Roger S. Bagnall, ed., Egypt in the Byzantine World, 300–700 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007); James E. Goehring and Janet A. Timbie, eds., The World of Early Egyptian Christianity (Washington, DC: Catholic Univ. of America Press, 2007).

Frend, Rise of the Monophysite Movement; Brown, Rise of Western Christendom.

Chris Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2005); Chris Wickham, The Inheritance of Rome (London: Allen Lane, 2009); Julia M. H. Smith, Europe after Rome (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2005).

Brown, Rise of Western Christendom. Leslie Webster and Michelle Brown, eds., The Transformation of the Roman World a.d.400–900 (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1997).

Jenkins, Lost History of Christianity.

Fergus Millar, A Greek Roman Empire (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 2006); Henry Chadwick, East and West (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2003).

J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Barbarian West, 400—1000 revised ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996). For the prevailing languages of the fifth century, see Millar, Greek Roman Empire, 84—129.

James Carroll, Constantine’s Sword (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2001); Elaine Pagels, Beyond Belief (New York: Random House, 2003); Karen King, What Is Gnosticism? (Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard Univ. Press, 2003); Bart D. Ehrman, Lost Christianities (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2003); David L. Dungan, Constantine’s Bible (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2007). Подобную историю падения и заката рассказывают Rita Nakashima Brock and Rebecca Ann Parker, Saving Paradise (Boston: Beacon, 2008), хотя они считают, что переходный период начался гораздо позже.

Richard E. Rubenstein, When Jesus Became God (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999).

О других ритуалах принадлежности см. Michael Philip Penn, Kissing Christians (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 2005).

Ramsay MacMullen, Voting About God in Early Church Councils (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 2006). Norman P. Tanner, ed., Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils (Washington, DC: Georgetown Univ. Press, 1990).

Michael Gaddis, There Is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 2005).

MacMullen, Voting About God.

Millar, Greek Roman Empire.

Gaddis, No Crime for Those Who Have Christ.

Guy G. Stroumsa, «Religious Dynamics Between Christians and Jews in Late Antiquity (312–640)», in Casiday and Norris, Cambridge History of Christianity, 151–172.

H. A. Drake, «The Church, Society and Political Power», in Casiday and Norris, Cambridge History of Christianity, 403–428.

Gaddis, No Crime for Those Who Have Christ. Относительно монахов см. Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Asceticism and Society in Crisis (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1990); Daniel Caner, Wandering, Begging Monks (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 2002); Jennifer L. Hevelone-Harper, Disciples of the Desert (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2005).

Gustaf Aulén, Christus Victor (New York: Macmillan, 1972); Sandra Visser and Thomas Williams, Anselm (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009).

Alan Cameron, Circus Factions (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1976).

Евагрий Схоластик, История Церкви, III, 44. В английском оригинале цитируется по: Walford, History of the Church, 386.

Thomas Sizgorich, Violence and Belief in Late Antiquity (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 2008); Patrick Cockburn, Muqtada Al-Sadr (New York: Scribner, 2008).

Frend, Rise of Christianity. В должной мере доступное для читателя обсуждение соответствующих вопросов и дебатов см. в следующих работах: Edward Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 5:197–284; Anthony Maas, «Christology», Catholic Encyclopedia (1912), vol.14, at http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14597a.htm; J. Levison and P. Pope-Levison, «Christology», in William A. Dyrness and Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, eds., Global Dictionary of Theology (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2008), 167–186; Giusto Traina, 428 AD (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 2009).

Raymond E. Brown, An Introduction to New Testament Christology (New York: Paulist, 1994); Gregory Riley, One Jesus, Many Christs (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1997); Richard Bauckham, God Crucified (Carlisle, UK: Paternoster, 1998); Jaroslav Pelikan, The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100–600), vol.1, The Christian Tradition (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1971).

Послание к Ефесянам 7 Игнатия цитируется по: Bart Ehrman, ed., Apostolic Fathers, 2 vols. (Boston: Harvard Univ. Press, 2003), vol.1, 227; Henry Bettenson, ed. The Early Christian Fathers (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1969); J. N. D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, 5th rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1978); James H. Charlesworth and James R. Mueller, The New Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1987); Helmut Koester, Ancient Christian Gospels (Philadelphia: Trinity Press International, 1990). О сложных взаимоотношениях между «еретическими» представлениями и будущей ортодоксией см. Mark Edwards, Catholicity and Heresy in the Early Church (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2009).

Относительно эбионитов см. Eusebius of Caesarea, The Ecclesiastical History, 2 vols. ed. and trans. Kirsopp Lake, Loeb Classical Library (London: Heinemann, 1926–1932), Book 3, 26–28; Antti Marjanen and Petri Luomanen, eds., A Companion to Second-Century Christian «Heretics» (Leiden: Brill, 2005); Matt Jackson-McCabe, ed., Jewish Christianity Reconsidered (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2007).

Ehrman, Lost Christianities; Bart D. Ehrman, The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1993).

Евангелие от Петра цитируется по: Wilhelm Schneemelcher, ed., New Testament Apocrypha rev. ed. (London: SCM, 1963), 1:184. О Керинфе см. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, Book 3, 28. Ириней цитируется по: Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, eds., The Apostolic Fathers, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers (New York: Scribner, 1926), 1:352; Roberts and Donaldson, Apostolic Fathers, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers, 1:325. О воскресении Христа как моменте «провозглашения» его божественности см. Рим 1:3–4.

C. C. Martindale, «Epiphany», Catholic Encyclopedia (1909), vol.5, at http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05504c.htm; Everett Ferguson, Baptism in the Early Church (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009).

О Павле Самосатском см. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, Book 7, 27–30; о взглядах Павла Самосатского см. Frederick C. Conybeare, «Paul of Samosata», Encyclopedia Britannica (New York: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911), 20:958; Epiphanius, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis, 2 vols., trans. Frank Williams (Leiden: Brill, 1987–1994), 2:209–218; Virginia Burrus, «Begotten, Not Made» (Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 2000), 22–25.

Выражение «атеисты и неверные» из Послания Игнатия к Траллийцам 10 цитируется по: Ehrman, Apostolic Fathers, 1:264–265. Цитата из Мани по: Epiphanius, Panarion of Epiphanius, 2:227; Тертуллиан De Carne Christi цитируется по: Allan Menzies, ed., Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian, in Ante-Nicene Fathers (New York: Scribner, 1926), 3:911–951.

Epiphanius, Panarion of Epiphanius, 2:121–127; Young, «Monotheism and Christology», in Mitchell and Young, Cambridge History of Christianity, 452–469.

Henry Bettenson, ed., The Later Christian Fathers (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1969); Trevor Hart, «Creeds, Councils and Doctrinal Development», in Philip F. Esler, ed., The Early Christian World (New York: Routledge, 2000), 1:636–659.

Лозунг «Никогда не было…» из John Bowden, «Christology» in John Bowden, ed., Encyclopedia of Christianity (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2005), 220; Rowan Williams, Arius, rev. ed. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002); Thomas C. Ferguson, The Past Is Prologue (Leiden: Brill, 2005); J. Rebecca Lyman, «Arius and Arians», in Harvey and Hunter, Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies, 237—57.

J. N. D. Kelly, Early Christian Creeds, 3rd ed. (New York: Longman, 1981, originally published 1972). О Никейском соборе см. Timothy D. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1981); Timothy D. Barnes, Athanasius and Constantius (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1993); John Behr, The Way to Nicaea (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2001); Mark Edwards, «The First Council of Nicaea», in Mitchell and Young, Cambridge History of Christianity, 552–567; Lewis Ayres, Nicaea and Its Legacy (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006).

Karl-Heinz Uthemann, «History of Christology to the Seventh Century», in Casiday and Norris, Cambridge History of Christianity, 460–500.

Grillmeier, Apostolic Age to Chalcedon.

J. Stevenson, ed., A New Eusebius (London: S. P. C. K., 1957), 279–280. MacMullen, Voting About God, 26–27.

Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 5:207.

Аполлинарий цитируется по Frend, Rise of the Monophysite Movement, 116.

«Слово Бога не сходило…» цитируется по Stevenson, Creeds, Councils and Controversies, 96; «Священное Писание…» – по Frend, Rise of the Monophysite Movement, 115.

Шэфф цитируется по Philip Schaff, The Creeds of Christendom (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1993 printing), 2:64. Дамас цитируется по Theodoret, «Ecclesiastical History», in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 3:139. О Первом Константинопольском соборе см. Henry R. Percival, «The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Undivided Church», in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 12:161–190. Rubenstein, When Jesus Became God, 211–321; Charles Freeman, a.d.381 (London: Pimlico, 2008).

Анафемы цитируются по Theodoret, «Ecclesiastical History», in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 139–140.

Frend, Rise of Christianity, 629–642. Andrew Louth, «Later Theologians of the Greek East», in Esler, Early Christian World, 1:580–600; Edward Rochie Hardy, ed., Christology of the Later Fathers (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1954).

Stevenson, Creeds, Councils and Controversies, 115; Frend, Rise of the Monophysite Movement; Rubenstein, When Jesus Became God, 204–208.

Susan Wessel, Cyril of Alexandria and the Nestorian Controversy (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2004).

Lionel R. Wickham, ed., Cyril of Alexandria: Select Letters (Oxford: Clarendon, 1983); Norman Russell, Cyril of Alexandria (New York: Routledge, 2000); John A. McGuckin, St Cyril of Alexandria: The Christological Controversy (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2004); Wessel, Cyril of Alexandria. В защиту Кирилла см. B. T. A. Evetts, ed., History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria (Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1948—59), 2:403–423.

Цитаты из Второго Послания Кирилла к Несторию приводятся по Price and Gaddis, Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, 1:175–177. John A. McGuckin, ed., St. Cyril of Alexandria: On the Unity of Christ (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1995); Steven A. McKinion, Words, Imagery, and the Mystery of Christ (Leiden: Brill, 2000).

Третье Послание Кирилла цитируется по Stevenson, Creeds, Councils and Controversies, 284.

О поддельном тексте см. Frend, Rise of the Monophysite Movement, 121.

Brent, Ignatius of Antioch; Susan Ashbrook Harvey, «Syria and Mesopotamia», in Mitchell and Young, Cambridge History of Christianity, 331–350.

Frances M. Young, From Nicaea to Chalcedon (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1983); Robert C. Hill, Reading the Old Testament in Antioch (Leiden: Brill, 2005); Raffaella Cribiore, The School of Libanius in Late Antique Antioch (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 2007); Isabella Sandwell, Religious Identity in Late Antiquity (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007).

Frederick G. McLeod, The Image of God in the Antiochene Tradition (Washington, DC: Catholic Univ. of America Press, 1999); Robert C. Hill, Diodore of Tarsus: Commentary on Psalms 1—51 (Leiden: Brill, 2005); Clayton, Christology of Theodoret, 53–74.

Theresa Urbainczyk, Theodoret of Cyrrhus (Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press, 2002); Frederick G. McLeod, The Roles of Christ’s Humanity in Salvation (Washington, DC: Catholic Univ. of America Press, 2005); István Pásztori-Kupán, Theodoret of Cyrus (New York: Routledge, 2006).

Frend, Rise of Christianity.

Richard Lim, Public Disputation, Power and Social Order in Late Antiquity (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1995), 149.

MacMullen, Voting About God, 28–29. Послания Кирилла см. Percival, «Seven Ecumenical Councils», in Schaff and Wace, Fathers of the Christian Church, 9:201–205: данная цитата со с.204.

Edward Pace, «Hypostatic Union», Catholic Encyclopedia (1910), vol.7, at http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07610b.htm. Stevenson, Creeds, Councils and Controversies, 36.

Green, Soteriology of Leo the Great; Susan Wessel, Leo the Great and the Spiritual Rebuilding of a Universal Rome (Leiden: Brill, 2008), 209–257.

Cameron, Circus Factions; MacMullen, Voting About God, 13.

Patrick T. R. Gray, The Defense of Chalcedon in the East (451–553) (Leiden: Brill, 1979), 18; Cornelia B. Horn, Asceticism and Christological Controversy in Fifth-Century Palestine (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006); Hagith Sivan, Palestine in Late Antiquity (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2008).