Примечания
1
Учитывая паритет покупательной способности, примем тот факт, что неторгуемые товары и услуги гораздо дешевле в Китае, чем в США. – Здесь и далее, если не указано иное, – прим. автора.
2
Согласно закону Мура (сформулирован в 1965 году одним из основателей “Интел” Гордоном Э. Муром), количество транзисторов в кристалле микропроцессора удваивается каждые два года.
3
Здесь и далее цит. по: Смит А. Исследование о природе и причинах богатства народов. М.: Соцэкгиз, 1962. – Прим. перев.
4
“1066 и все такое” У.К. Селлара и Р.Дж. Йетмана – пародийная история Англии с нормандского завоевания до начала Первой мировой войны. – Прим. ред.
5
Перевод А. Субботина. – Прим. перев.
6
Я не рассматриваю здесь громадный долг домохозяйств, а также финансовых и нефинансовых корпораций, но если сложить частный и государственный долг, то бремя окажется беспрецедентным: в Японии – 512 % ВВП, в Великобритании – 507 %, во Франции – 346 %, в Италии – 314 %, в США – 279 %, а в Германии – 278 %.
7
Перевод С. Векслер под ред. А. Бабича. – Прим. перев.
Комментарии
1
Fukuyama, Francis The End of History and the Last Man // National Interest, 16 (Summer 1989): 3–18.
2
McKinsey Global Institute Urban World: Cities and the Rise of the Consuming Class. June 2012.
3
McKinsey Global Institute Debt and Deleveraging: The Global Credit Bubble and its Economic Consequences. January 2010.
4
Berezin, Peter The Weak U.S. Labor Market: Mainly a Cyclical Problem… for Now // Bank Credit Analyst, 64, 1 (July 2012): 40.
5
См. например: Sachs, Jeffrey The Price of Civilization: Reawakening American Virtue and Prosperity. New York, 2011.
6
См. например: International Monetary Fund Navigating the Fiscal Challenges Ahead // Fiscal Monitor, 14 May 2010.
7
Atkinson, Anthony B., Piketty, Thomas, and Emmanuel Saez Top Incomes in the Long Run of History // Journal of Economic Literature, 49, 1 (2011): 3–71.
8
Credit Suisse Global Wealth Databook. October 2010. Tables 3–1, 3–3, 3–4.
9
См.: Baz, Jamil Current Crisis Merely a Warm up Act // Financial Times, 11 July 2012.
10
Ferguson, Niall Too Big to Live: Why We Must Stamp Out State Monopoly Capitalism // Adam Smith Review, 6 (2011): 327–340.
11
Enriquez, Juan Medicine’s Missing Measure // Atlantic (May 2012). См.: http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/05/medicines-missing-measure/257901/.
12
Stossel, John I Tried to Open a Lemonade Stand // Townhall, 24 February 2012.
13
Hertz, Tom Rags, Riches, and Race: Intergenerational Income Mobility of Black and White Families in the United States / In: Bowles, Samuel, Gintis, Herbert, and Melissa Osborne, eds. Unequal Chances: Family Background and Economic Success. New York, 2005. Table 10.
14
Murray, Charles Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010. New York, 2012.
15
Smith, Adam The Wealth of Nations (1776). Book I, ch. 8.
16
Ibid. Ch. 9.
17
См.: http://blog.lgiu.org.uk/2011/09/on-libya-andinstitutions/. Благодарю Лорда Маллох-Брауна за то, что обратил внимание на граффити в программе “Сегодня” на BBC Radio 4.
18
См.: Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. New York, 2012.
19
Taverner, Richard The Garden of Wysdome Conteynynge Pleasaunt Floures, that is to say, Propre and Quycke Sayinges of Princes, Philosophers and other Sortes of Me[n]. Drawe[n] Forth of Good Aucthours. London, 1539, p. 6.
20
Данные из: Maddison, Angus Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1—2008 AD. См.: http://www.ggdc.net/MADDISON/Historical_Statistics/ vertical-file_02—2010.xls.
21
Данные Всемирного банка. См.: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-developmentindicators.
22
Diamond, Jared Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years. London, 1998. [Рус. пер.: Даймонд Д. Ружья, микробы и сталь: судьбы человеческих обществ. М.: АСТ: Corpus, 2010.] Также см.: Morris, Ian Why the West Rules – For Now: The Patterns of History, and What They Reveal About the Future. New York, 2010.
23
Pomeranz, Kenneth The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy. Princeton, 2000.
24
North, Douglass C., Wallis, John Joseph, and Barry R. Weingast Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History. Cambridge, 2009.
25
Fukuyama, Francis The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution. New York, 2011.
26
Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. New York, 2012. P. 4.
27
Ibid. Pp. 7–9.
28
Collier, Paul The Bottom Billion. Oxford, 2007. Pp. 50, 56; Collier, Paul The Plundered Planet: How to Reconcile Prosperity with Nature. London, 2010. Pp. 47f., 58.
29
Soto, Hernando de The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. New York, 2000.
30
Soto, Hernando de The Free Market Secret of the Arab Revolutions // Financial Times, 8 November 2011.
31
Clark, J. C.D. British America: What If There Had Been No American Revolution? / In: Niall Ferguson, ed. Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals. London, 1993. Pp. 125–175.
32
Например см.: Jones, J.R. The Revolution in Context / In: J.R. Jones, ed. Liberty Secured? Britain before and after 1688. Stanford, 1992. P. 12.
33
Pincus, Stephen C.A., and James A. Robinson What Really Happened during the Glorious Revolution? // National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 17206 (July 2011).
34
Greif, Avner Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade / In: Ménard, C., and M. Shirley, eds. Handbook of New Institutional Economics. Dordrecht, 2005. Pp. 727–786.
35
Kuran, Timur The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East. Princeton, 2010.
36
OECD PISA 2009 Results: What Students Know and Can Do: Student Performance in Reading, Mathematics and Science. Paris, 2010. P. 15. См.: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/10/61/48852548.pdf.
37
Ferguson, Niall Civilization: The West and the Rest. London/New York, 2011. [Рус. пер.: Фергюсон Ниал. Цивилизация: чем Запад отличается от остального мира. М.: АСТ: Corpus, 2014.]
38
Allen, Robert C. The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective. Cambridge, 2009.
39
North, Douglass C., and Barry R. Weingast Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England // Journal of Economic History, 44, 4 (1989): 803–832.
40
Kotlikoff, Laurence J., and Scott Burns The Clash of Generations: Saving Ourselves, our Kids, and our Economy. Cambridge, MA, 2012. P. 33.
41
Ibid. Pp. 30f.
42
Cardarelli, Roberto, Sefton, James, and Laurence J. Kotlikoff Generational Accounting in the UK // Economic Journal, 110, 467, Features (November 2000): F547–F574.