1
E. Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982), p. 5.
2
A. Herrman, ‘Die älteste türkische Weltkarte (1076 n. Chr)’, Imago Mundi 1.1 (1935), рр. 21–28; а также Maḥmud al-Kashghari, Dīwān lughāt al-turk: Compendium of the Turkic Dialects, ed. and tr. R. Dankhoff and J. Kelly, 3 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1982–1985), 1, рр. 82–83. О местоположении города – В. Горячева. Средневековые городские центры и архитектурные ансамбли Киргизии. – Фрунзе, 1983. – С. 54–61.
3
Что касается растущего спроса на предметы роскоши в Китае, см. например, Credit Lyonnais Securities Asia, Dipped in Gold: Luxury Lifestyles in China (2011); для Индии см. Ministry of Home Affairs, Houselisting and Housing Census Data (New Delhi, 2012).
4
Transparency International, Corruption Perception Index 2013 (www.transparency.org); Reporters without Borders, World Press Freedom Index 2013–2014 (www.rsf.org); Human Rights Watch, World Report 2014 (www.hrw.org).
5
Genesis 2:8–9. Чтобы понять месторасположение Райского сада, см. J. Dulumeau, History of Paradise: The Garden of Eden in Myth and Tradition (New York, 1995).
6
Мохенджо-Даро см. J. Kenoyer, Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley (Oxford, 1998).
7
Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian, Han Dynasty, tr. B. Watson, 2 vols (rev. edn, New York, 1971), 123, 2, рр. 234–235.
8
F. von Richthofen, ‘Über die zentralasiatischen Seidenstrassen bis zum 2. Jahrhundert. n. Chr.’, Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin 4 (1877), рр. 96–122.
9
E. Said, Orientalism (New York, 1978). Также обратите внимание на положительную и в подавляющем большинстве случаев весьма романтизированную реакцию французских мыслителей, таких как Фуко, Сартр и Годар, на Восток и Китай, в частности R. Wolin, French Intellectuals, the Cultural Revolution and the Legacy of the 1960s: The Wind from the East (Princeton, 2010).
10
Bābur-Nāma, tr. W Thackston, Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor (London, 2006), рр. 173–174.
11
W. Thackston, ‘Treatise on Calligraphic Arts: A Disquisition on Paper, Colors, Inks and Pens by Simi of Nishapur’, in M. Mazzaoui and V. Moreen (eds), Intellectual Studies on Islam: Essays Written in Honor of Martin B. Dickinson (Salt Lake City, 1990), р. 219.
12
Al-Muqaddasī, Aḥsanu-t-taqāsīm fī marifati-l-aqālīm, tr. B. Collins, Best Division of Knowledge (Reading, 2001), р. 252; Ibn al-Faqīh, Kitāb al-buldān, tr. Р. Lunde and C. Stone, ‘Book of Countries’, in Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North (London, 2011), р. 113.
13
Цитируется по N. di Cosmo, Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History (Cambridge, 2002), р. 137.
14
Например, S. Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, ed. J. Strachey (New York, 1965), р. 564; J. Derrida, Résistances de la psychanalyse (Paris, 1996), рр. 8–14.
15
C. Renfrew, ‘Inception of Agriculture and Rearing in the Middle East’, C. R. Palevol 5 (2006), рр. 395–404; G. Algaze, Ancient Mesopotamia at the Dawn of Civilization: The Evolution of an Urban Landscape (Chicago, 2008).
16
Herodotus, Historiai, 1.135, in Herodotus: The Histories, ed. and tr. A. Godley, 4 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1982), 1, рр. 174–176.
17
J. Curtis and St J. Simpson (eds), The World of Achaemenid Persia: History, Art and Society in Iran and the Ancient Near East (London, 2010).
18
Herodotus, Historiai, 8.98, 4, p. 96; D. Graf, ‘The Persian Royal Road System’, in H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg, A. Kuhrt and M. Root (eds), Continuity and Change (Leiden, 1994), рр. 167–189.
19
H. Rawlinson, ‘The Persian Cuneiform Inscription at Behistun, Decyphered and Translated’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 11 (1849), рр. 1–192.
20
Ezra, 1:2. Также см. Isaiah, 44:24, 45:3.
21
R. Kent, Old Persian Grammar, Texts, Lexicon (New Haven, 1953), рр. 142–144.
22
Herodotus, Historiai, 1.135, 1, рр. 174–176.
23
Там же, 1.214, 1, p. 268.
24
Aeschylus, The Persians. Р. Briant, ‘History and Ideology: The Greeks and “Persian Decadence”’, in T. Harrison (ed.), Greeks and Barbarians (New York, 2002), рр. 193–210.
25
Euripides, Bakhai, in Euripides: Bacchae, Iphigenia at Aulis, Rhesus, ed. and tr. D. Kovacs (Cambridge, MA, 2003), p. 13.
26
Plutarch, Bioi Paralleloi: Alexandros, рр. 32–33, in Plutarch’s Lives, ed. and tr. B. Perrin, 11 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1914–1926), 7, рр. 318–326. Согласно известной мозаике, он носил счастливую одежду, A. Cohen, Alexander Mosaic: Stories of Victory and Defeat (Cambridge, 1996).
27
Quintus Curtius Rufus, Historiae Alexandri Magni Macedonis, 5.1, in Quintus Curtius Rufus: History of Alexander, ed. and tr. J. Rolfe, 2 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1946), 1, рр. 332–334.
28
M. Beard, ‘Was Alexander the Great a Slav?’, Times Literary Supplement, 3 July 2009.
29
Arrian, Anabasis, 6.29, in Arrian: History of Alexander and Indica, ed. and tr. P Brunt, 2 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1976–1983), 2, рр. 192–194; Плутарх говорил и о важности мирного и щедрого подхода Александра. Alexandros, 59, 1, p. 392.
30
Arrian, Anabasis, 3.22, 1, p. 300.
31
Quintus Curtius Rufus, Historiae, 8.8, 2, p. 298.
32
A. Shahbazi, ‘Iranians and Alexander’, American Journal of Ancient History 2.1 (2003), рр. 5–38. Также см. M. Olbryct, Aleksander Wielki i swiat iranski (Gdansk, 2004); M. Brosius, ‘Alexander and the Persians’, in J. Roitman (ed.), Alexander the Great (Leiden, 2003), рр. 169–193.
33
См., главным образом, Р. Briant, Darius dans l’ombre d’Alexandre (Paris, 2003).
34
О концепции «хуася» см. C. Holcombe, A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, 2010); информацию о стене см. здесь: Waldron, ‘The Problem of the Great Wall of China’, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 43.2 (1983), рр. 643–663, и, главным образом, di Cosmo, Ancient China and its Enemies.
35
См. J. Romm, Ghost on the Throne: The Death of Alexander the Great and the War for Crown and Empire (New York, 2011). Существуют различные точки зрения, говорят, что Александр умер от тифа, малярии, алкогольного отравления (или болезни, похожей на это), инфекции, раны и даже что он был убит. См. A. Bosworth, ‘Alexander’s Death: The Poisoning Rumors’, in J. Romm (ed.), The Landmark Arrian: The Campaigns of Alexander (New York, 2010), рр. 407–411.
36
См. R. Waterfield, Dividing the Spoils: The War for Alexander the Great’s Empire (Oxford, 2011).
37
K. Sheedy, ‘Magically Back to Life: Some Thoughts on Ancient Coins and the Study of Hellenistic Royal Portraits’, in K. Sheedy (ed.), Alexander and the Hellenistic Kingdoms: Coins, Image and the Creation of Identity (Sydney, 2007), рр. 11–16; K. Erickson and N. Wright, ‘The “Royal Archer” and Apollo in the East: Greco-Persian Iconography in the Seleukid Empire’, in N. Holmes (ed.), Proceedings of the XIVth International Numismatic Congress (Glasgow, 2011), рр. 163–168.
38
L. Robert, ‘De Delphes à l’Oxus: inscriptions grecques nouvelles de la Bactriane’, Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions (1968), рр. 416–457. Перевод можно найти здесь: F. Holt, Thundering Zeus: The Making of Hellenistic Bactria (London, 1999), р. 175.
39
J. Jakobsson, ‘Who Founded the Indo-Greek Era of 186/5 BCE?’, Classical Quarterly 59.2 (2009), рр. 505–510.
40
D. Sick, ‘When Socrates Met the Buddha: Greek and Indian Dialectic in Hellenistic Bactria and India’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.3 (2007), рр. 253–254.
41
J. Derrett, ‘Early Buddhist Use of Two Western Themes’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 12.3 (2002), рр. 343–355.
42
B. Litvinsky, ‘Ancient Tajikistan: Studies in History, Archaeology and Culture (1980–1991)’, Ancient Civilisations 1.3 (1994), р. 295.
43
S. Nath Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilisation (Delhi, 1988), р. 184. также см. R. Jairazbhoy, Foreign Influence in Ancient India (New York, 1963), рр. 48–109.
44
Plutarch, Peri tes Alexandrou tukhes he arête, 5.4 in Plutarch: Moralia, ed. and tr. F. Babitt et al., 15 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1927–1976), 4, рр. 392–396; J. Derrett, ‘Homer in India: The Birth of the Buddha’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2.1 (1992), рр. 47–57.
45
J. Frazer, The Fasti of Ovid (London, 1929); J. Lallemant, ‘Une Source de l’Enéide: le Mahabharata’, Latomus 18 (1959), рр. 262–287; Jairazbhoy, Foreign Influence, р. 99.
46
C. Baumer, The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors (London, 2012), рр. 290–295.
47
V. Hansen, The Silk Road (Oxford, 2012), рр. 9–10.
48
Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian of China, 123, 2, р. 238.
49
Там же, 129, 2, р. 440.
50
H. Creel, ‘The Role of the Horse in Chinese History’, American Historical Review 70 (1965), рр. 647–672. В пещерах Дуньхуан на стенах можно найти много изображений небесных лошадей, см. T. Chang, Dunhuang Art through the Eyes of Duan Wenjie (New Delhi, 1994), рр. 27–28.
51
Recent excavations of the Emperor Wu’s mausoleum in Xi’an in 2011, Xinhua, 21 February 2011.
52
Huan Kuan, Yan Tie Lun, цитируется по Y. Yu, Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-Barbarian Economic Relations (Berkeley, 1967), р. 40.
53
Например, Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian of China, 110, 2, рр. 145–146. Некоторые комментариии относительно образования, обычаев и моды хунну см. на стр. 129–130.
54
См. Yu, Trade and Expansion in Han China, рр. 48–54.
55
Там же, р. 47, n. 33; также см. R. McLaughlin, Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China (London, 2010), рр. 83–85.
56
Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian of China, 110, 2, р. 143.
57
S. Durrant, The Cloudy Mirror: Tension and Conflict in the Writings of Sima Qian (Albany, NY, 1995), рр. 8–10.
58
Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian of China, 123, 2, р. 235.
59
E. Schafer, The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tang Exotics (Berkeley, 1963), рp. 13–14.
60
Hansen, Silk Road, р. 14.
61
T. Burrow, A Translation of Kharoshthi Documents from Chinese Turkestan (London, 1940), р. 95.
62
Hansen, Silk Road, р. 17.
63
R. de Crespigny, Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD) (Leiden, 2007).
64
M. R. Shayegan, Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia (Cambridge, 2011).
65
N. Rosenstein, Imperatores victi: Military Defeat and Aristocratic Competition in the Middle and Late Republic (Berkeley, 1990); а также S. Phang, Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate (Cambridge, 2008).
66
Р. Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians (Oxford, 2006), р. 6. О запрете на вступление в брак см., главным образом, Phang, Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 BC – AD 235): Law and Family in the Imperial Army (Leiden, 2001).
67
C. Howgego, ‘The Supply and Use of Money in the Roman World 200 b.c. to a.d. 300’, Journal of Roman Studies 82 (1992), рр. 4–5.
68
A. Bowman, Life and Letters from the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and its People (London, 1994).
69
Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheke Historike, 17.52, in The Library of History of Diodorus of Sicily, ed. and tr. C. Oldfather, 12 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1933–1967), 7, р. 268. Современные ученые предполагают, что численность населения Александрии составляла до полумиллиона человек, например, R. Bagnall and B. Frier, The Demography of Roman Egypt (Cambridge, 1994), рр. 54, 104.
70
D. Thompson, ‘Nile Grain Transport under the Ptolemies’, in Р. Garnsey, Hopkins and C. Whittaker (eds), Trade in the Ancient Economy (Berkeley, 1983), рр. 70–71.
71
Strabo, Geographika, 17.1, in The Geography of Strabo, ed. and tr. H. Jones, 8 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1917–1932), 8, р. 42.
72
Cassius Dio, Historia Romana, 51.21, in Dio’s Roman History, ed. and tr.Cary, 9 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1914–1927), 6, р. 60; Suetonius, De Vita Cesarum. Divus Augustus, 41, in Suetonius: Lives of the Caesars, ed. and tr. Rolfe, 2 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1997–1998), 41, 1, р. 212; R. Duncan-Jones, Money and Government in the Roman Empire (Cambridge, 1994), р. 21; M. Fitzpatrick, ‘Provincializing Rome: The Indian Ocean Trade Network and Roman Imperialism’, Journal of World History 22.1 (2011), р. 34.
73
Suetonius, Divus Augustus, 41, 1, рр. 212–214.
74
Там же, 28, 1, р. 192; Утверждение Августа подтверждается археологическими данными, см. Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Ann Arbor, 1989).
75
Информация о налогах на караванных маршрутах: J. Thorley, ‘The Development of Trade between the Roman Empire and the East under Augustus’, Greece and Rome 16.2 (1969), р. 211. Jones, History of Rome, рр. 256–257, 259–260; R. Ritner, ‘Egypt under Roman Rule: The Legacy of Ancient Egypt’, in Cambridge History of Egypt, 1, р. 10; N. Lewis, Life in Egypt under Roman Rule (Oxford, 1983), р. 180.
76
См. Lewis, Life in Egypt, рр. 33–34; Ritner, ‘Egypt under Roman Rule’, in Cambridge History of Egypt, 1, рр. 7–8; A. Bowman, Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642: From Alexander to the Arab Conquest (Berkeley, 1986), рр. 92–93.
77
О регистрации рождений и смертей в римском Египте см. R. Ritner, ‘Poll Tax on the Dead’, Enchoria 15 (1988), рр. 205–207. О переписи, включая даты караванных маршрутов, см. J. Rist, ‘Luke 2:2: Making Sense of the Date of Jesus’ Birth’, Journal of Theological Studies 56.2 (2005), рр. 489–491.
78
Cicero, Pro lege Manilia, 6, in Cicero: The Speeches, ed. and tr. H. Grose Hodge (Cambridge, MA, 1927), р. 26.
79
Sallust, Bellum Catilinae, 11.5–6, in Sallust, ed. and tr. J. Rolfe (Cambridge, MA, 1931), р. 20; A. Dalby, Empire of Pleasures: Luxury and Indulgence in the Roman World (London, 2000), р. 162.
80
F. Hoffman, M. Minas-Nerpel and S. Pfeiffer, Die dreisprachige Stele des C. Cornelius Gallus. Übersetzung und Kommentar (Berlin, 2009), р. 5ff. G. Bowersock, ‘A Report on Arabia Provincia’, Journal of Roman Studies 61 (1971), р. 227.
81
W. Schoff, Parthian Stations of Isidore of Charax: An Account of the Overland Trade between the Levant and India in the First Century BC (Philadelphia, 1914). Текст часто рассматривался как имеющий отношение к торговым маршрутам, но Миллар показывает, что это неверно (‘Caravan Cities’, р. 119ff). О местоположении Александрополиса см. Р. Fraser, Cities of Alexander the Great (Oxford, 1996), рр. 132–140.
82
Strabo, Geographica, 2.5, 1, р. 454; Parker, ‘Ex Oriente’, рр. 64–66; Fitzpatrick, ‘Provincializing Rome’, рр. 49–50.
83
Parker, ‘Ex Oriente’, рр. 64–66; M. Vickers, ‘Nabataea, India, Gaul, and Carthage: Reflections on Hellenistic and Roman Gold Vessels and Red-Gloss Pottery’, American Journal of Archaeology 98 (1994), р. 242; E. Lo Cascio, ‘State and Coinage in the Late Republic and Early Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies 81 (1981), р. 82.
84
Цитируется по G. Parker, The Making of Roman India (Cambridge, 2008), р. 173.
85
In H. Kulke and D. Rothermund, A History of India (London, 2004), рр. 107–108.
86
L. Casson (ed.), The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation and Commentary (Princeton, 1989), 48–49, р. 80; 56, р. 84.
87
W. Wendrich, R. Tomber, S. Sidebotham, J. Harrell, R. Cappers and R. Bagnall, ‘Berenike Crossroads: The Integration of Information’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 46.1 (2003), рр. 59–62.
88
V. Begley, ‘Arikamedu Reconsidered’, American Journal of Archaeology 87.4 (1983), рр. 461–481; Parker, ‘Ex Oriente’, рр. 47–48.
89
См. T. Power, The Red Sea from Byzantium to the Caliphate, AD 500–1000 (Cairo, 2012).
90
Tacitus, Annales, ed. H. Heubner (Stuttgart, 1983), 2.33, р. 63.
91
Petronius, Satyricon, ed. K. Müller (Munich, 2003), 30–38, рр. 23–31; 55, р. 49.
92
Martial, Epigrams, 5.37, in Martial: Epigrams, ed. and tr. D. Shackleton Bailey, 3 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1993), 1, р. 388.
93
Talmud Bavli, цитируется по Dalby, Empire of Pleasures, р. 266.
94
Juvenal, Satire 3, in Juvenal and Persius, ed. and tr. S. Braund (Cambridge, MA, 2004), рр. 172–174.
95
Casson, Periplus Maris Erythraei, 49, р. 80; 56, р. 84; 64, р. 90.
96
Seneca, De Beneficiis, 7.9, in Seneca: Moral Essays, ed. and tr. J. Basore, 3 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1928–1935), 3, р. 478.
97
Tacitus, Annales, 2.33, р. 63.
98
Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, 6.20, in Pliny: The Natural History, ed. and tr. H. Rackham, 10 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1947–1952), 2, р. 378.
99
Там же, 6.26, р. 414.
100
Там же, 12.49, р. 62.
101
Harrauer and Р. Sijpesteijn, ‘Ein neues Dokument zu Roms Indienhandel, Р. Vindob. G40822’, Anzeiger der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, phil. – hist.Kl.122 (1985), рр. 124–155; также см. L. Casson, ‘New Light on Maritime Loans: Р. Vindob. G 40822’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 84 (1990), рр. 195–206 и F. Millar, ‘Looking East from the Classical World’, International History Review 20.3 (1998), рр. 507–531.
102
Casson, Periplus Maris Erythraei, 39, р. 74.
103
J. Teixidor, Un Port roman du désert: Palmyre et son commerce d’Auguste à Caracalla (Paris, 1984); E. Will, Les Palmyréniens, la Venise des sables (Ier siècle avant-IIIème siècle après J. – C.) (Paris, 1992).
104
Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum Gestarum Libri Qui Supersunt, 14.3, in Ammianus Marcellinus, ed. and tr. J. Rolfe, 3 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1935–1940), 1, р. 24.
105
J. Cribb, ‘The Heraus Coins: Their Attribution to the Kushan King Kujula Kadphises, c. ad 30–80’, in M. Price, A. Burnett and R. Bland (eds), Essays in Honour of Robert Carson and Kenneth Jenkins (London, 1993), рр. 107–134.
106
Casson, Periplus Maris Erythraei, 43, рр. 76–78; 46, рр. 78–80.
107
Там же, 39, р. 76; 48–49, р. 81. Про кушанов см. V. Masson, B. Puris, C. Bosworth et al. (eds), History of Civilizations of Central Asia, 6 vols (Paris, 1992), 2, рр. 247–396.
108
D. Leslie and K. Gardiner, The Roman Empire in Chinese Sources (Rome, 1996), рр. 131–162; также см. R. Kauz and L. Yingsheng, ‘Armenia in Chinese Sources’, Iran and the Caucasus 12 (2008), рр. 157–190.
109
Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian of China, 123, 2, р. 241.
110
См. еще B. Laufer, Sino-Iranica: Chinese Contributions to the History of Civilisation in Ancient Iran (Chicago, 1919) и R. Ghirshman, Iran: From the Earliest Times to the Islamic Conquest (Harmondsworth, 1954).
111
Power, Red Sea, р. 58.
112
Schafer, Golden Peaches of Samarkand, р. 1.
113
То, что посольство принесло панцирь черепахи, рог носорога и слоновую кость, говорит о том, что посол был хорошо проинформирован о вкусах китайцев F. Hirth, China and the Roman Orient (Leipzig, 1885), р. 42, 94; R. McLaughlin, Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China (London, 2010).
114
Fitzpatrick, ‘Provincializing Rome’, 36; Horace, Odes, 1.12, in Horace: Odes and Epodes, ed. and tr. N. Rudd (Cambridge, MA, 2004), р. 48.
115
B. Isaac, The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East (Oxford, 1990), р. 43; S. Mattern, Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate (Berkeley, 1999), р. 37.
116
Cassius Dio, 68.29, 8, рр. 414–416; H. Mattingly (ed.), A Catalogue of the Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum, 6 vols (London, 1940–1962), 3, р. 606. О троянской кампании см. J. Bennett, Trajan: Optimus Princeps (London, 1997), рр. 183–204.
117
Jordanes, Romana, in Iordanis Romana et Getica, рр. 34–35.
118
Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, ed. and tr. J. Creed (Oxford, 1984), 5, р. 11.
119
A. Invernizzi, ‘Arsacid Palaces’, in I. Nielsen (ed.), The Royal Palace Institution in the First Millennium BC (Athens, 2001), рр. 295–312; ‘The Culture of Nisa, between Steppe and Empire’, in J. Cribb and G. Herrmann (eds), After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam: Themes in the History and Archaeology of Western Central Asia (Oxford, 2007), рр. 163–177. В. Пилипко, Росписи старой Низы (Ташкент, 1992); Р. Bernard and F. Grenet (eds), Histoire des cultes de l’Asie Centrale préislamique (Paris, 1991).
120
О Харакене – L. Gregoratti, ‘A Parthian Port on the Persian Gulf: Characene and its Trade’, Anabasis 2 (2011), рр. 209–229. О керамике см., например, H. Schenk, ‘Parthian Glazed Pottery from Sri Lanka and the Indian Ocean Trade’, Zeitschrift für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen 2 (2007), рр. 57–90.
121
F. Rahimi-Laridjani, Die Entwicklung der Bewässerungslandwirtschaft im Iran bis in Sasanidisch-frühislamische Zeit (Weisbaden, 1988); R. Gyselen, La Géographie administrative de l’empire sasanide: les témoignages sigilo-graphiques (Paris, 1989).
122
A. Taffazoli, ‘List of Trades and Crafts in the Sassanian Period’, Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 7 (1974), рр. 192–196.
123
T. Daryaee, Šahrestānīhā-ī Ērānšahr: A Middle Persian Text on Late Antique Geography, Epic, and History (Costa Mesa, CA, 2002).
124
M. Morony, ‘Land Use and Settlement Patterns in Late Sasanian and Early Islamic Iraq’, in A. Cameron, G. King and J. Haldon (eds), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, 3 vols (Princeton, 1992–1996), 2, рр. 221–229.
125
R. Frye, ‘Sasanian Seal Inscriptions’, in R. Stiehl and H. Stier (eds), Beiträge zur alten Geschichte und deren Nachleben, 2 vols (Berlin, 1969–1970), 1, рр. 77–84; Choksy, ‘Loan and Sales Contracts in Ancient and Early Medieval Iran’, Indo-Iranian Journal 31 (1988), р. 120.
126
T. Daryaee, ‘The Persian Gulf Trade in Late Antiquity’, Journal of World History 14.1 (2003), рр. 1–16.
127
Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, 7, р. 11.
128
Там же, 23, р. 36.
129
Бодрумский музей подводной археологии. Насколько я знаю, надпись, обнаруженная в 2011 году, еще не опубликована.
130
Pseudo-Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus, ed. M. Festy, Pseudo-Aurelius Victor. Abrégé de Césars (Paris, 1999), 39, р. 41.
131
Suetonius, Divus Julius, 79, in Lives of the Caesars, 1, р. 132.
132
Libanius, Antioch as a Centre of Hellenic Culture as Observed by Libanius, tr. Norman (Liverpool, 2001), рр. 145–167.
133
О развенчивании «мифа о переносе столицы империи» см. L. Grig and G. Kelly (eds), Two Romes: Rome and Constantinople in Late Antiquity (Cambridge, 2012).
134
H. Falk, Asókan Sites and Artefacts: A Source-book with Bibliography (Mainz, 2006), р. 13; E. Seldeslachts, ‘Greece, the Final Frontier? – The Westward Spread of Buddhism’, in A. Heirman and S. Bumbacher (eds), The Spread of Buddhism (Leiden, 2007), esр. рр. 158–160.
135
Sick, ‘When Socrates Met the Buddha’, р. 271; о современной палийской литературе – T. Hinüber, A Handbook of Pali Literature (Berlin, 1996).
136
G. Fussman, ‘The Mat Devakula: A New Approach to its Understanding’, in D. Srivasan (ed.), Mathurā: The Cultural Heritage (New Delhi, 1989), рр. 193–199.
137
Например, Р. Rao Bandela, Coin Splendour: A Journey into the Past (New Delhi, 2003), рр. 32–35.
138
D. MacDowall, ‘Soter Megas, the King of Kings, the Kushana’, Journal of the Numismatic Society of India (1968), рр. 28–48.
139
Обратите внимание, например, на описание в «Книге Псалмов» – «Бог Бога … Господь господствующих» (Пс. 136: 2–3, или «Бог богов и Господь господствующих» (Второзаконие 10:17). «Книга откровений» рассказывает, как зверь будет побежден, потому что Агнец – «Господь господствующих и Царь царей» (Откр. 17:14).
140
The Lotus of the Wonderful Law or The Lotus Gospel: Saddharma Pundarīka Sūtra Miao-Fa Lin Hua Chung, tr. W. Soothill (London, 1987), р. 77.
141
X. Liu, Ancient India and Ancient China: Trade and Religious Exchanges AD 1–600 (Oxford, 1988), р. 102.
142
Sukhāvatī-vyūha: Description of Sukhāvatī, the Land of Bliss, tr. F. Müller (Oxford, 1883), рр. 33–34; Lotus of the Wonderful Law, рр. 107, 114.
143
D. Schlumberger, M. Le Berre and G. Fussman (eds), Surkh Kotal en Bactriane, vol. 1: Les Temples: architecture, sculpture, inscriptions (Paris, 1983); V. Gaibov, ‘Ancient Tajikistan Studies in History, Archaeology and Culture (1980–1991)’, Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 1.3 (1995), рр. 289–304.
144
R. Salomon, Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara (Seattle, 1999).
145
J. Harle, The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent (New Haven, 1994), рр. 43–57.
146
См., главным образом, E. de la Vaissière, Sogdian Traders: A History (Leiden, 2005).
147
K. Jettmar, ‘Sogdians in the Indus Valley’, in Р. Bertrand and F. Grenet (eds), Histoire des cultes de l’Asie centrale préislamique (Paris, 1991), рр. 251–253.
148
C. Huart, Le Livre de Gerchāsp, poème persan d’Asadī junior de Toūs, 2 vols (Paris, 1926–1929), 2, р. 111.
149
R. Giès, G. Feugère and A. Coutin (eds), Painted Buddhas of Xinjiang: Hidden Treasures from the Silk Road (London, 2002); T. Higuchi and G. Barnes, ‘Bamiyan: Buddhist Cave Temples in Afghanistan’, World Archaeology 27.2 (1995), р. 282ff.
150
M. Rhie, Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, vol. 1 (Leiden, 1999); Wei, Ancient Chinese Architecture: Buddhist Buildings (Vienna, 2000).
151
G. Koshelenko, ‘The Beginnings of Buddhism in Margiana’, Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 14 (1966), рр. 175–183; R. Foltz, Religions of the Silk Road: Premodern Patterns of Globalization (2nd edn, Basingstoke, 2010), рр. 47–48; R. Foltz, ‘Buddhism in the Iranian World’, Muslim World 100.2–3 (2010), рр. 204–214.
152
N. Sims-Williams, ‘Indian Elements in Parthian and Sogdian’, in R. Röhrborn and W. Veenker (eds), Sprachen des Buddhismus in Zentralasien (Wiesbaden, 1983), рр. 132–141; W. Sundermann, ‘Die Bedeutung des Parthischen für die Verbreitung buddhistischer Wörter indischer Herkunft’, Altorientalische Forschungen 9 (1982), рр. 99–113.
153
W. Ball, ‘How Far Did Buddhism Spread West?’, Al-Rāfidān 10 (1989), рр. 1–11.
154
T. Daryaee, Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire (London, 2009), рр. 2–5.
155
Многие ученые писали о переменах. См. Canepa, The Two Eyes of the Earth: Art and Ritual of Kingship between Rome and Sasanian Iran (Berkeley, 2009).
156
M. Canepa, ‘Technologies of Memory in Early Sasanian Iran: Achaemenid Sites and Sasanian Identity’, American Journal of Archaeology 114.4 (2010), рр. 563–596; Weber, ‘Wahram II: König der Könige von Eran und Aneran’, Iranica Antiqua 44 (2009), рр. 559–643.
157
О сасанидской чеканке в целом – R. Göbl, Sasanian Numismatics (Brunswick, 1971).
158
M. Boyce, Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (London, 1979).
159
R. Foltz, ‘Zoroastrian Attitudes toward Animals’, Society and Animals 18 (2010), рр. 367–378.
160
The Book of the Counsel of Zartusht, рр. 2–8, in R. Zaehner, The Teachings of the Magi: A Compendium of Zoroastrian Beliefs (New York, 1956), рр. 21–22. См. также M. Boyce, Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism (Manchester, 1984).
161
См., например, M. Boyce, Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism (Manchester, 1984), рр. 104–106.
162
M. Boyce and F. Grenet, A History of Zoroastrianism (Leiden, 1991), рр. 30–33. О зороастрийских верованиях, включая молитвы и вероучения, см. Boyce, Textual Sources, рр. 53–61; о ритуалах и практиках – рр. 61–70.
163
J. Harmatta, ‘Late Bactrian Inscriptions’, Acta Antiqua Hungaricae 17 (1969), рр. 386–388.
164
M. Back, ‘Die sassanidischen Staatsinschriften’, Acta Iranica 18 (1978), рр. 287–288.
165
S. Shaked, ‘Administrative Functions of Priests in the Sasanian Period’, in G. Gnoli and A. Panaino (eds), Proceedings of the First European Conference of Iranian Studies, 2 vols (Rome, 1991), 1, рр. 261–273; T. Daryaee, ‘Memory and History: The Construction of the Past in Late Antiquity’, Name-ye Iran-e Bastan 1.2 (2001–2002), рр. 1–14.
166
Back, ‘Sassanidischen Staatsinschriften’, р. 384. Полную надпись см. в M. – L. Chaumont, ‘L’Inscription de Kartir à la Kaʿbah de Zoroastre: text, traduction et commentaire’, Journal Asiatique 248 (1960), рр. 339–380.
167
M.-L. Chaumont, La Christianisation de l’empire iranien, des origines aux grandes persécutions du IV siècle (Louvain, 1988), р. 111; G. Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Princeton, 1993), рр. 28–29.
168
R. Merkelbach, Mani und sein Religionssystem (Opladen, 1986); J. Russell, ‘Kartir and Mani: A Shamanistic Model of their Conflict’, Iranica Varia: Papers in Honor of Professor Ehsan Yarshater (Leiden, 1990), рр. 180–193; S. Lieu, History of Manicheanism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China: A Historical Survey (Manchester, 1985). О Шапуре и Мани см. M. Hutter, ‘Manichaeism in the early Sasanian Empire’, Numen 40 (1993), рр. 2–15.
169
Р. Gigoux (ed. and tr.), Les Quatre Inscriptions du mage Kirdir, textes et concordances (Paris, 1991). А также C. Jullien and F. Jullien, ‘Aux frontières de l’iranité: “nasraye” et “kristyone” des inscriptions du mobad Kirdir: enquête littéraire et historique’, Numen 49.3 (2002), рр. 282–335; F. de Blois, ‘Naṣrānī Ναζωραȋος) and ḥanīf (ἐθνικός): Studies on the Religious Vocabulary of Christianity and of Islam’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 65 (2002), рр. 7–8.
170
S. Lieu, ‘Captives, Refugees and Exiles: A Study of Cross-Frontier Civilian Movements and Contacts between Rome and Persia from Valerian to Jovian’, in Р. Freeman and D. Kennedy (eds), The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East (Oxford, 1986), рр. 475–505.
171
A. Kitchen, C. Ehret, S. Assefa and C. Mulligan, ‘Bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis of Semitic Languages Identifies an Early Bronze Age Origin of Semitic in the Near East’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276.1668 (2009), рр. 2702–2710. Некоторые исследователи говорят о североафриканском происхождении семитских языков, например, D. McCall, ‘The Afroasiatic Language Phylum: African in Origin, or Asian?’, Current Anthropology 39.1 (1998), рр. 139–144.
172
R. Stark, The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History (Princeton, 1996), и R. Stark, Cities of God: The Real Story of How Christianity Became an Urban Movement and Conquered Rome (San Francisco, 2006). Взгляды и методология Старка оказались противоречивыми, см. Journal of Early Christian Studies 6.2 (1998).
173
Pliny the Younger, Letter 96, ed. and tr. B. Radice, Letters and Panegyricus, 2 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1969), 2, рр. 284–286.
174
Там же, Letter 97, 2, рр. 290–292.
175
J. Helgeland, R. Daly and Р. Patout Burns (eds), Christians and the Military: The Early Experience (Philadelphia, 1985).
176
M. Roberts, Poetry and the Cult of the Martyrs (Ann Arbor, 1993); G. de Ste Croix, Christian Persecution, Martyrdom and Orthodoxy (Oxford, 2006).
177
Tertullian, Apologia ad Nationes, 42, in Tertullian: Apology: De Spectaculis, ed. and tr. T. Glover (London, 1931), р. 190; G. Stoumsa, Barbarian Philosophy: The Religious Revolution of Early Christianity (Tübingen, 1999), рр. 69–70.
178
Tertullian, Apologia, 8, р. 44.
179
W. Baum and D. Winkler, Die Apostolische Kirche des Ostens (Klagenfurt, 2000), рр. 13–17.
180
S. Rose, Roman Edessa: Politics and Culture on the Eastern Fringes of the Roman Empire, 114–242 CE (London, 2001).
181
T. Mgaloblishvili and I. Gagoshidze, ‘The Jewish Diaspora and Early Christianity in Georgia’, in T. Mgaloblishvili (ed.), Ancient Christianity in the Caucasus (London, 1998), рр. 39–48.
182
J. Bowman, ‘The Sassanian Church in the Kharg Island’, Acta Iranica 1 (1974), 217–220.
183
The Book of the Laws of the Countries: Dialogue on the Fate of Bardaisan of Edessa, tr. H. Drijvers (Assen, 1965), р. 61.
184
J. Asmussen, ‘Christians in Iran’, in The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods (Cambridge, 1983), 3.2, рр. 929–930.
185
S. Brock, ‘A Martyr at the Sasanid Court under Vahran II: Candida’, Analecta Bollandiana 96.2 (1978), рр. 167–181.
186
Eusebius, Evaggelike Proparaskeus, ed. K. Mras, Eusebius Werke: Die Praeparatio Evangelica (Berlin, 1954), 1.4, р. 16; A. Johnson, ‘Eusebius’ Praeparatio Evangelica as Literary Experiment’, in S. Johnson (ed.), Greek Literature in Late Antiquity: Dynamism, Didacticism, Classicism (Aldershot, 2006), р. 85.
187
Р. Brown, The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (London, 1988); C. Wickham, The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000 (London, 2009), рр. 55–56.
188
B. Dignas and E. Winter, Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity (Cambridge, 2007), рр. 210–232.
189
См. A. Sterk, ‘Mission from Below: Captive Women and Conversion on the East Roman Frontiers’, Church History 79.1 (2010), рр. 1–39.
190
О конверсии см. R. Thomson (ed. and tr.), The Lives of St Gregory: The Armenian, Greek, Arabic and Syriac Versions of the History Attributed to Agathaneglos (Ann Arbor, 2010). W. Seibt, Die Christianisierung des Kaukasus: The Christianisation of Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Albania) (Vienna, 2002), и M.-L. Chaumont, Recherches sur l’histoire d’Arménie, de l’avènement des Sassanides à la conversion du royaume (Paris, 1969), рр. 131–146.
191
Eusebius of Caesarea, Bios tou megalou Konstantinou, ed. F. Winkelmann, Über das Leben des Kaisers Konstantin (Berlin, 1992), 1.28–30, рр. 29–30. Об обращении Константина и в целом о ситуации в то время см. сборник эссе N. Lenski (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine (rev. edn, Cambridge, 2012).
192
Sozomen, Ekklesiastike Historia, ed. J. Bidez, Sozomenus: Kirchengeschichte (Berlin, 1995), 2.3, р. 52.
193
Eusebius, Bios tou megalou Konstantinou, 2.44, р. 66.
194
A. Lee, ‘Traditional Religions’, in Lenski, Age of Constantine, рр. 159–180.
195
Codex Theodosianus, tr. C. Pharr, The Theodosian Code and Novels and the Simondian Constitutions (Princeton, 1952), 15.12, р. 436.
196
Eusebius, Bios tou megalou Konstantinou, 3.27–8, р. 96.
197
Там же, 3.31–2, р. 99.
198
Р. Sarris, Empires of Faith (Oxford, 2012), р. 22–23.
199
Eusebius, Vita Constantini, 4.13, р. 125; перевод в Dodgeon and Lieu (eds), The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars A. D. 226–363: A Documentary History (London, 1991), р. 152. Даты см. в G. Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Princeton, 1993), рр. 94–99.
200
J. Eadie, ‘The Transformation of the Eastern Frontier 260–305’, in R. Mathisen and H. Sivan (eds), Shifting Frontiers in Late Antiquity (Aldershot, 1996), рр. 72–82; M. Konrad, ‘Research on the Roman and Early Byzantine Frontier in North Syria’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 12 (1999), рр. 392–410.
201
Sterk, ‘Mission from Below’, рр. 10–11.
202
Eusebius, Vita Constantini, 5.56, р. 143; 5.62, рр. 145–146.
203
T. Barnes, ‘Constantine and the Christians of Persia’, Journal of Roman Studies 75 (1985), р. 132.
204
Aphrahat, Demonstrations, M. – J. Pierre, Aphraate le sage person: les exposés (Paris, 1988–1989), no. 5.
205
J. Walker, The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq (Berkeley, 2006), 6, р. 22.
206
См. в целом J. Rist, ‘Die Verfolgung der Christen im spätkirchen Sasanidenreich: Ursachen, Verlauf, und Folgen’, Oriens Christianus 80 (1996), рр. 17–42. Доказательства не без проблем интерпретации – S. Brock, ‘Saints in Syriac: A Little-Tapped Resource’, Journal of East Christian Studies 16.2 (2008), рр. 184–186.
207
J. Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, 500 BC to 650 AD (London, 2001), р. 202.
208
O. Knottnerus, ‘Malaria in den Nordseemarschen: Gedanken über Mensch und Umwelt’, in M. Jakubowski-Tiessen and J. Lorenzen-Schmidt, Dünger und Dynamit: Beiträge zur Umweltgeschichte Schleswig-Holsteins und Dänemarks (Neumünster, 1999), рр. 25–39; Р. Sorrel et al., ‘Climate Variability in the Aral Sea Basin (Central Asia) during the Late Holocene Based on Vegetation Changes’, Quaternary Research 67.3 (2007), рр. 357–370; H. Oberhänsli et al., ‘Variability in Precipitation, Temperature and River Runoff in W. Central Asia during the Past ~2000 Yrs’, Global and Planetary Change 76 (2011), рр. 95–104; O. Savoskul and O. Solomina, ‘Late-Holocene Glacier Variations in the Frontal and Inner Ranges of the Tian Shan, Central Asia’, Holocene 6.1 (1996), рр. 25–35.
209
N. Sims-Williams, ‘Sogdian Ancient Letter II’, in A. Juliano and J. Lerner (eds), Monks and Merchants: Silk Road Treasures from Northern China: Gansu and Ningxia 4th–7th Century (New York, 2001), рр. 47–49. Также см. F. Grenet and N. Sims-Williams, ‘The Historical Context of the Sogdian Ancient Letters’, Transition Periods in Iranian History, Studia Iranica 5 (1987), рр. 101–122; N. Sims-Williams, ‘Towards a New Edition of the Sogdian Letters’, in E. Trembert and E. de la Vaissière (eds), Les Sogdiens en Chine (Paris, 2005), рр. 181–193.
210
E. de la Vaissière, ‘Huns et Xiongnu’, Central Asiatic Journal 49.1 (2005), рр. 3–26.
211
Р. Heather, Empires and Barbarians (London, 2009), рр. 151–188; A. Poulter, ‘Cataclysm on the Lower Danube: The Destruction of a Complex Roman Landscape’, in N. Christie (ed.), Landscapes of Change: Rural Evolutions in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Aldershot, 2004), рр. 223–254.
212
См. F. Grenet, ‘Crise et sortie de crise en Bactriane-Sogdiane aux IVe – Ve s de n.è.: de l’héritage antique à l’adoption de modèles sassanides’, in La Persia e l’Asia Centrale da Alessandro al X secolo. Atti dei Convegni Lincei 127 (Rome, 1996), рр. 367–390; de la Vaissière, Sogdian Traders, рр. 97–103.
213
G. Greatrex and S. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, Part II, AD 363–630 (London, 2002), рр. 17–19; O. Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns (Los Angeles, 1973), р. 58.
214
Ученые долго спорили о датировании этого строения, J. Nokandeh et al., ‘Linear Barriers of Northern Iran: The Great Wall of Gorgan and the Wall of Tammishe’, Iran 44 (2006), рр. 121–173.
215
J. Howard-Johnston, ‘The Two Great Powers in Late Antiquity: A Comparison’, in A. Cameron, G. King and J. Haldon (eds), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, 3 vols (Princeton, 1992–1996), 3, рр. 190–197.
216
R. Blockley, ‘Subsidies and Diplomacy: Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity’, Phoenix 39 (1985), рр. 66–67.
217
Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier, рр. 32–33.
218
См. Heather, Fall of the Roman Empire, рр. 191–250.
219
St Jerome, ‘Ad Principiam’, Select Letters of St Jerome, ed. and tr. F. Wright (Cambridge, MA, 1933), 127, р. 462.
220
Jordanes, Getica, 30, in Iordanis Romana et Getica, ed. T. Mommsen (Berlin, 1882), рр. 98–99.
221
J. Hill, Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Late Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE: An Annotated Translation of the Chronicle of the ‘Western Regions’ from the Hou Hanshu (Charleston, NC, 2009).
222
Sarris, Empires of Faith, рр. 41–43.
223
В документе начала четвертого века перечисляются племена, которые влились в Римскую империю, см. A. Riese (ed.), Geographi latini minores (Hildesheim, 1964), рр. 1280–1289. Другие примеры см. Sidonius Apollinaris, ‘Panegyric on Avitus’, in Sidonius Apollinaris: Poems and Letters, ed. and tr. W. Anderson, 2 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1935–1956), 1, р. 146.
224
Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum Gestarum Libri XXX, 31.2, 3, р. 382.
225
Priscus, Testimonia, fragment 49, ed. and tr. R. Blockley, The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus, and Malchus, 2 vols (Liverpool, 1981–1983), 2, р. 356.
226
Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum Gestarum Libri XXX, 31.2, 3, р. 380.
227
D. Pany and K. Wiltschke-Schrotta, ‘Artificial Cranial Deformation in a Migration Period Burial of Schwarzenbach, Central Austria’, VIAVIAS 2 (2008), рр. 18–23.
228
Priscus, Testimonia, fragment 24, 2, рр. 316–317. Об успехе гуннов см. Heather, Fall of the Roman Empire, рр. 300–348.
229
B. Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization (Oxford, 2005), р. 91ff.
230
Salvian, Œuvres, ed. and tr. C. Lagarrigue, 2 vols (Paris, 1971–1975), 2, 4.12. Перевод из E. Sanford (tr.), The Government of God (New York, 1930), р. 118.
231
Zosimus, Historias Neas, ed. and tr. F. Paschoud, Zosime, Histoire nouvelle, 3 vols (Paris, 2000) 2.7, 1, рр. 77–79.
232
Asmussen, ‘Christians in Iran’, рр. 929–930.
233
S. Brock, ‘The Church of the East in the Sasanian Empire up to the Sixth Century and its Absence from the Councils in the Roman Empire’, Syriac Dialogue: First Non-Official Consultation on Dialogue within the Syriac Tradition (Vienna, 1994), 71.
234
A. Cameron and R. Hoyland (eds), Doctrine and Debate in the East Christian World 300–1500 (Farnham, 2011), р. xi.
235
W. Barnstone, The Restored New Testament: A New Translation with Commentary, Including the Gnostic Gospels of Thomas, Mary and Judas (New York, 2009).
236
N. Tanner, The Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, 2 vols (Washington, DC, 1990), 1; A. Cameron, The Later Roman Empire, AD 284–430 (London, 1993), рр. 59–70.
237
См. Р. Wood, The Chronicle of Seert. Christian Historical Imagination in Late Antique Iraq (Oxford, 2013), рр. 23–24
238
S. Brock, ‘The Christology of the Church of the East in the Synods of the Fifth to Early Seventh Centuries: Preliminary Considerations and Materials’, in G. Dagras (ed.), A Festschrift for Archbishop Methodios of Thyateira and Great Britain (Athens, 1985), рр. 125–142.
239
Baum and Winkler, Apostolische Kirche, рр. 19–25.
240
Synod of Dadjesus, Synodicon orientale, ou Recueil de synods nestoriens, ed. J. Chabot (Paris, 1902), рр. 285–298; Brock, ‘Christology of the Church of the East’, рр. 125–142; Brock, ‘Church of the East’, рр. 73–74.
241
Wood, Chronicle of Seert, рр. 32–37.
242
Gregory of Nazianzus, De Vita Sua, in D. Meehan (tr.), Saint Gregory of Nazianzus: Three Poems (Washington, DC, 1987), рр. 133–135.
243
Св. Кирилл Александрийский, письмо Павлу Префекту, in J. McEnerney (tr.), Letters of St Cyril of Alexandria, 2 vols (Washington, DC, 1985–1987), 2, 96, рр. 151–153.
244
S. Brock, ‘From Antagonism to Assimilation: Syriac Attitudes to Greek Learning’, in N. Garsoian, T. Mathews and T. Thomson (eds), East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the Formative Period (Washington, DC, 1982), рр. 17–34; также то же самое – ‘Christology of the Church of the East’, рр. 165–173.
245
R. Norris, The Christological Controversy (Philadelphia, 1980), рр. 156–157.
246
Brock, ‘Christology of the Church of the East’, рр. 125–142; также см. Baum and Winkler, Apostolische Kirche, рр. 31–34.
247
F.-C. Andreas, ‘Bruchstücke einer Pehlevi-Übersetzung der Psalmen aus der Sassanidenzeit’, Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften (1910), рр. 869–872; J. Asmussen, ‘The Sogdian and Uighur-Turkish Christian Literature in Central Asia before the Real Rise of Islam: A Survey’, in L. Hercus, F. Kuiper, T. Rajapatirana and E. Skrzypczak (eds), Indological and Buddhist Studies: Volume in Honour of Professor J. W. de Jong on his Sixtieth Birthday (Canberra, 1982), рр. 11–29.
248
Sarris, Empires of Faith, р. 153.
249
О совете 553 – R. Price, The Acts of the Council of Constantinople of 553: Edited with an introduction and notes, 2 vols (Liverpool, 2009). Сирийский текст с переводом – S. Brock, ‘The Conversations with the Syrian Orthodox under Justinian (532)’, Orientalia Christiana Periodica 47 (1981), рр. 87–121, и S. Brock, ‘Some New Letters of the Patriarch Severus’, Studia Patristica 12 (1975), рр. 17–24.
250
Evagrius Scholasticus, Ekklesiastike historia, 5.1, Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius Scholasticus, tr. M. Whitby (Liverpool, 2005), р. 254.
251
О компиляции текстов и датах см. R. Lim, Public Disputation: Power and Social Order in Late Antiquity (Berkeley, 1991), р. 227.
252
Sterk, ‘Mission from Below’, рр. 10–12.
253
О 300 мучениках Наджрана см. I. Shahid, ‘The Martyrdom of Early Arab Christians: Sixth Century Najran’, in G. Corey, Р. Gillquist, M. Mackoul et al. (eds), The First One Hundred Years: A Centennial Anthology Celebrating Antiochian Orthodoxy in North America (Englewood, NJ, 1996), рр. 177–180. О путешествии Козьмы Индикоплова см. S. Faller, Taprobane im Wandel der Zeit (Stuttgart, 2000); H. Schneider, ‘Kosmas Indikopleustes, Christliche Topographie: Probleme der Überlieferung und Editionsgeschichte’, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 99.2 (2006), рр. 605–614.
254
The History of Theophylact Simocatta: An English Translation with Introduction and Notes, ed. and tr. M. Whitby and M. Whitby (Oxford, 1986), 5.10, р. 147.
255
См. Wood, Chronicle of Seert, р. 23.
256
B. Spuler, Iran in früh-Islamischer Zeit (Wiesbaden, 1952), рр. 210–213; Р. Jenkins, The Lost History of Christianity (Oxford, 2008), рр. 14, 53; также см. S. Moffett, A History of Christianity in Asia, 2 vols (San Francisco, 1998); J. Asmussen, ‘Christians in Iran’, рр. 924–948.
257
A. Atiya, A History of Eastern Christianity (London, 1968), р. 239ff.
258
Agathias, Historion, 2.28, Agathias: Histories, tr. J. Frendo (Berlin, 1975), р. 77.
259
О молитвах см. Brock, ‘Church of the East’, р. 76; о выборах – Synod of Mar Gregory I, Synodicon orientale, р. 471.
260
T. Daryaee (ed. and tr.), Šahrestānīhā-ī Ērānšahr: A Middle Persian Text on Late Antique Geography, Epic and History (Costa Mesa, CA, 2002).
261
M. Morony, ‘Land Use and Settlement Patterns in Late Sasanian and Early Islamic Iraq’, in Cameron, King and Haldon, The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, 2, рр. 221–229; F. Rahimi-Laridjani, Die Entwicklung der Bewässerungslandwirtschaft im Iran bis Sasanidisch-frühislamische zeit (Weisbaden, 1988); R. Gyselen, La géographie administrative de l’empire sasanide: les témoignages sigilographiques (Paris, 1989).
262
Р. Pourshariati, Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran (London, 2009), рр. 33–60. Также см. Z. Rubin, ‘The Reforms of Khusro Anushirwān’, in Cameron, Islamic Near East, 3, рр. 225–297.
263
A. Taffazoli, ‘List of Trades and Crafts in the Sassanian Period’, Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 7 (1974), рр. 192–196.
264
R. Frye, ‘Sasanian Seal Inscriptions’, in R. Stiehl and H. Stier, Beiträge zur alten Gesichte und deren Nachleben, 2 vols (Berlin, 1969–1970), 1, рр. 79–84; J. Choksy, ‘Loan and Sales Contracts in Ancient and Early Medieval Iran’, Indo-Iranian Journal 31 (1988), р. 120.
265
Daryaee, ‘Persian Gulf Trade’, 1–16.
266
E. de la Vaissière, Histoire des marchands sogdiens (Paris, 2002), рр. 155–161, 179–231. N. Sims-Williams, ‘The Sogdian Merchants in China and India’, in Cadonna and L. Lanciotti (eds), Cina e Iran: da Alessandro Magno alla dinastia Tang (Florence, 1996), рр. 45–67; J. Rose, ‘The Sogdians: Prime Movers between Boundaries’, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 30.3 (2010), 410–419.
267
F. Thierry and C. Morrisson, ‘Sur les monnaies Byzantines trouvés en Chine’, Revue numismatique 36 (1994), рр. 109–145; L. Yin, ‘Western Turks and Byzantine Gold Coins Found in China’, Transoxiana 6 (2003); B. Marshak and W. Anazawa, ‘Some Notes on the Tomb of Li Xian and his Wife under the Northern Zhou Dynasty at Guyuan, Ningxia and its Gold-Gilt Silver Ewer with Greek Mythological Scenes Unearthed There’, Cultura Antiqua 41.4 (1989), рр. 54–57.
268
D. Shepherd, ‘Sasanian Art’, in Cambridge History of Iran, 3.2, рр. 1085–1086.
269
О Пасхе – Eusebius, Vita Constantini, 3.18, р. 90. Примеры законодательства в отношении смешанных браков – Codex Theodosianus, 16.7, р. 466; 16.8, рр. 467–468.
270
L. Feldman, ‘Proselytism by Jews in the Third, Fourth and Fifth Centuries’, Journal for the Study of Judaism 24.1 (1993), рр. 9–10.
271
Там же, р. 46.
272
Р. Schäfer, Jesus in the Talmud (Princeton, 2007); Р. Schäfer, M. Meerson and Y. Deutsch (eds), Toledot Yeshu (‘The Life Story of Jesus’) Revisited (Tübingen, 2011).
273
G. Bowersock, ‘The New Greek Inscription from South Yemen’, in A. Sedov and J. – F. Salles (eds), Qāni’: le port antique du Ḥaḍramawt entre la Méditerranée, l’Afrique et l’Inde: fouilles russes 1972, 1985–1989, 1991, 1993–1994 (Turnhout, 2013), рр. 393–396.
274
J. Beaucamp, F. Briquel-Chatonnet and C. Robin (eds), Juifs et chrétiens en Arabie aux Ve et VIe siècles: regards croisés sur les sources (Paris, 2010); C. Robin, ‘Joseph, dernier roi de Himyar (de 522 à 525, ou une des années suivantes)’, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 34 (2008), рр. 1–124.
275
G. Bowersock, The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam (Oxford, 2013), рр. 78–91.
276
Brock, ‘Church of the East’, р. 73.
277
Walker, The Legend of Mar Qardagh; text, рр. 19–69.
278
Y. Saeki, The Nestorian Documents and Relics in China (2nd edn, Tokyo, 1951), рр. 126–127; D. Scott, ‘Christian Responses to Buddhism in Pre-Medieval Times’, Numen 32.1 (1985), рр. 91–92.
279
См. E. Pagels, The Gnostic Gospels (New York, 1979); H. – J. Klimkeit, Gnosis on the Silk Road: Gnostic Texts from Central Asia (San Francisco, 1993); K. King, What is Gnosticism? (Cambridge, MA, 2003).
280
Р. Crone, ‘Zoroastrian Communism’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 36.4 (1994), 447–462; G. Gnoli, ‘Nuovi studi sul Mazdakismo’, in Convegno internazionale: la Persia e Bisanzio (Rome, 2004), рр. 439–456.
281
Hui Li, Life of Hiuen-tsang, tr. Samuel Beal (Westport, CT, 1973), р. 45.
282
Там же, р. 46; R. Foltz, ‘When was Central Asia Zoroastrian?’, Mankind Quarterly (1988), рр. 189–200.
283
S. Beal, Buddhist Records of the Western World (New Delhi, 1969), рр. 44–46.
284
G. Mitchell and S. Johar, ‘The Maratha Complex at Ellora’, Modern Asian Studies 28.1 (2012), рр. 69–88.
285
Раскопки и исследования были проведены в 1970-х годах командами из Японии и Афганистана, см. T. Higuchi, Japan-Afghanistan Joint Archaeological Survey 1974, 1976, 1978 (Kyoto, 1976–1980).
286
О датировании комплекса Бамиан с 600 года, см. D. Klimburg-Salter, ‘Buddhist Painting in the Hindu Kush c. VIIth to Xth Centuries: Reflections of the Co-existence of Pre-Islamic and Islamic Artistic Cultures during the Early Centuries of the Islamic Era’, in E. de la Vaissière, Islamisation de l’Asie Centrale: processus locaux d’acculturation du VIIe au XIe siècle (Paris, 2008), рр. 140–142; также см. F. Flood, ‘Between Cult and Culture: Bamiyan, Islamic Iconoclasm, and the Museum’, Art Bulletin 84.4 (2002), р. 641ff. Информация есть также здесь L. Morgan, The Buddhas of Bamiyan (London, 2012).
287
Цитируется по Power, Red Sea, р. 58.
288
I. Gillman and H. – J. Klimkeit, Christians in Asia before 1500 (Ann Arbor, 1999), рр. 265–305.
289
G. Stroumsa, Barbarian Philosophy: The Religious Revolution of Early Christianity (Tübingen, 1999), рр. 80, 274–281.
290
J. Choksy, ‘Hagiography and Monotheism in History: Doctrinal Encounters between Zoroastrianism, Judaism and Christianity’, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 14.4 (2010), рр. 407–421.
291
Pseudo-Dionysius of Tel Mahre, Chronicle (Known Also as the Chronicle of Zuqnin), Part III, tr. W. Witaksowski (Liverpool, 1996), р. 77.
292
Procopius, Hyper ton polemon, 2.22–3, in History of the Wars, Secret History, Buildings, ed. and tr. H. Dewing, 7 vols (Cambridge, MA), 1, рр. 450–472.
293
M. Morony, ‘“For Whom Does the Writer Write?”: The First Bubonic Plague Pandemic According to Syriac Sources’, in K. Lester (ed.), Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750 (Cambridge, 2007), р. 64; D. Twitchett, ‘Population and Pestilence in T’ang China’, in W. Bauer (ed.), Studia Sino-Mongolica (Wiesbaden, 1979), 42, р. 62.
294
Р. Sarris, Economy and Society in the Age of Justinian (Cambridge, 2006); также ‘Plague in Byzantium: The Evidence of Non-Literary Sources’, in Lester, Plague and the End of Antiquity, рр. 119–134; A. Cameron, The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity: AD 395–700 (London, 1993), р. 113ff; D. Stathakopoulos, Famine and Pestilence in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Empire: A Systematic Survey of Subsistence Crises and Epidemics (Birmingham, 2004), рр. 110–165.
295
Sarris, Empires of Faith, р. 145ff.
296
Procopius, The Secret History, tr. Р. Sarris (London, 2007), р. 80.
297
John of Ephesus, Ecclesiastical History, 6.24, tr. R. Р. Smith (1860), р. 429.
298
M. – T. Liu, Die chinesischen Nachrichten zur Geschichte der Ost-Türken (T’u-küe), 2 vols (Wiesbaden, 2009), 1, р. 87. Также см. J. Banaji, ‘Precious-Metal Coinages and Monetary Expansion in Late Antiquity’, in F. De Romanis and S. Sorda (eds), Dal denarius al dinar: l’oriente e la monetà romana (Rome, 2006), рр. 265–303.
299
The History of Menander the Guardsman, tr. R. Blockley (Liverpool, 1985), р. 121–123.
300
Там же, рр. 110–117.
301
Sarris, Empires of Faith, рр. 230–231.
302
Menander the Guardsman, рр. 173–175.
303
Об источниках см. Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier, Part II, рр. 153–158.
304
R. Thomson, The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos. Part I: Translation and Notes (Liverpool, 1999), 8, р. 9.
305
Agathias, Historion, 2.24, р. 72.
306
G. Fisher, ‘From Mavia to al-Mundhir: Arab Christians and Arab Tribes in the Late Antique Roman East’, in I. Toral-Niehoff and K. Dimitriev (eds), Religious Culture in Late Antique Arabia (Leiden, 2012), р. x; M. Maas, ‘“Delivered from their Ancient Customs”: Christianity and the Question of Cultural Change in Early Byzantine Ethnography’, in K. Mills and A. Grafton (eds), Conversion in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Rochester, NY, 2003), рр. 152–188.
307
R. Hoyland, ‘Arab Kings, Arab Tribes and the Beginnings of Arab Historical Memory in Late Roman Epigraphy’, in H. Cotton, R. Hoyland, J. Price and D. Wasserstein (eds), From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in the Roman Near East (Cambridge, 2009), рр. 374–400.
308
M. Whittow, ‘Rome and the Jafnids: Writing the History of a Sixth-Century Tribal Dynasty’, in J. Humphrey (ed.), The Roman and Byzantine Near East: Some Recent Archaeological Research (Ann Arbor, 1999), рр. 215–233.
309
K. ʿAtahmina, ‘The Tribal Kings in Pre-Islamic Arabia: A Study of the Epithet malik or dhū al-tāj in Early Arabic Traditions’, al-Qanṭara 19 (1998), р. 35; M. Morony, ‘The Late Sasanian Economic Impact on the Arabian Peninsula’, Nāme-ye Irān-e Bāstān 1.2 (201/2), рр. 35–36; I. Shahid, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, 2 vols (Washington, DC, 1995–2009), 2.2, рр. 53–54.
310
Sarris, Empires of Faith, рр. 234–236.
311
Procopius, Buildings, 3.3, 7, рр. 192–194.
312
J. Howard-Johnston, Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century (Oxford, 2010), рр. 438–439.
313
Synod of Mar Gregory I, Synodicon orientale, р. 471. Также см. Walker, Mar Qardagh, рр. 87–89.
314
F. Conybeare, ‘Antiochos Strategos’ Account of the Sack of Jerusalem in ad 614’, English Historical Review 25 (1910), рр. 506–508, но см. Howard-Johnston, Witnesses to a World Crisis, рр. 164–165. О пропаганде – J. Howard-Johnston, ‘Heraclius’ Persian Campaigns and the Revival of the Roman Empire’, War in History 6 (1999), рр. 36–39.
315
Chronicon Paschale, tr. M. Whitby and M. Whitby (Liverpool, 1989), рр. 161–162; Howard-Johnston, ‘Heraclius’ Persian Campaigns’, р.3; Sarris, Empires of Faith, р. 248.
316
Chronicon Paschale, рр. 158, 164.
317
Howard-Johnston, ‘Heraclius’ Persian Campaigns’, р. 37.
318
Точная дата спорная; R. Altheim-Stiehl, ‘Würde Alexandreia im Juni 619 n. Chr. durch die Perser Erobert?’, Tyche 6 (1991), рр. 3–16.
319
J. Howard-Johnston, ‘The Siege of Constantinople in 626’, in C. Mango and G. Dagron (eds), Constantinople and its Hinterland (Aldershot, 1995), рр. 131–142.
320
Howard-Johnston, ‘Heraclius’ Persian Campaigns’, рр. 23–24; C. Zuckerman, ‘La Petite Augusta et le Turc: Epiphania-Eudocie sur les monnaies d’Héraclius’, Revue Numismatique 150 (1995), рр. 113–126.
321
См. N. Oikonomides, ‘Correspondence between Heraclius and Kavadh-Siroe in the Paschal Chronicle (628)’, Byzantion 41 (1971), рр. 269–281.
322
Sebeos, Armenian History, 40, рр. 86–87; Theophanes, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813, tr. C. Mango and R. Scott (Oxford, 1997), рр. 455–456.
323
Chronicon Paschale, рр. 166–167; Sebeos, Armenian History, 38, рр. 79–81.
324
G. Dagron and V. Déroche, ‘Juifs et chrétiens en Orient byzantin’, Travaux et Mémoires 11 (1994), р. 28ff.
325
Cameron and Hoyland, Doctrine and Debate, рр. xxi – xxii.
326
Письмо епископа Персии, Synodicon orientale, рр. 584–585.
327
Theophanes, Chronicle, р. 459; Mango, ‘Deux études sur Byzance et la Perse sassanide’, Travaux et Mémoires 9 (1985), р. 117.
328
B. Dols, ‘Plague in Early Islamic History’, Journal of the American Oriental Society 94.3 (1974), р. 376; Р. Sarris, ‘The Justinianic Plague: Origins and Effects’, Continuity and Change 17.2 (2002), р. 171.
329
Bowersock, Throne of Adulis, рр. 106–133. Также G. Lüling, Die Wiederentdeckung des Propheten Muhammad: eine Kritik am ‘christlichen’ Abendland (Erlangen, 1981).
330
C. Robin, ‘Arabia and Ethiopia’, in S. Johnson (ed.), Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity (Oxford, 2012), р. 302.
331
Qurʾān, 96.1, ed. and tr. N. Dawood, The Koran: With a Parallel Translation of the Arabic Text (London, 2014).
332
Ibn Hisham, Sīrat rasūl Allāh, tr. A. Guillaume, The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh (Oxford, 1955), р. 106; Qurʾān, 81.23, р. 586.
333
См. H. Motzki, ‘The Collection of the Qur’ān: A Reconsideration of Western Views in Light of Recent Methodological Developments’, Der Islam 78 (2001), рр. 1–34, а также A. Neuwirth, N. Sinai and M. Marx (eds), The Qurʼān in Context: Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qurʼānic Milieu (Leiden, 2010).
334
Qurʾān, 18.56, р. 299.
335
Qurʾān, 16.98–9, рр. 277.
336
Например, Qurʾān, 2.165; 2.197; 2.211.
337
См., главным образом, F. Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing (Princeton, 1998). Также, например, T. Holland, In the Shadow of the Sword: The Battle for Global Empire and the End of the Ancient World (London, 2012).
338
E. El Badawi, The Qurʾān and the Aramaic Gospel Traditions (London, 2013).
339
Р. Crone, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam (Princeton, 1977); а также R. Serjeant, ‘Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam: Misconceptions and Flawed Polemics’, Journal of the American Oriental Society 110.3 (1990), рр. 472–473.
340
C. Robinson, ‘The Rise of Islam’, in M. Cook et al. (eds), The New Cambridge History of Islam, 6 vols (Cambridge, 2010), рр. 180–181; M. Kister, ‘The Struggle against Musaylima and the Conquest of Yamāma’, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 27 (2002), рр. 1–56.
341
G. Heck, ‘“Arabia without Spices”: An Alternative Hypothesis: The Issue of “Makkan Trade and the Rise of Islam”’, Journal of the American Oriental Society 123.3 (2003), рр. 547–576; J. Schiettecatte and C. Robin, L’Arabie à la veille de l’Islam: un bilan clinique (Paris, 2009).
342
Р. Crone, ‘Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 70.1 (2007), рр. 63–88.
343
Ibn al-Kalbī, Kitāb al-aṣnām, tr. N. Faris, The Book of Idols Being a Translation from the Arabic of the Kitāb al-aṣnām (Princeton, 1952), рр. 23–24.
344
Qurʾān, 36.33–6, р. 441; G. Reinink, ‘Heraclius, the New Alexander: Apocalyptic Prophecies during the Reign of Heraclius’, рр. 81–94; W. E. Kaegi Jr, ‘New Evidence on the Early Reign of Heraclius’, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 66 (1973), рр. 308–330.
345
Qurʾān, 47.15, р. 507.
346
Qurʾān, 5.33, р. 112.
347
Qurʾān, 4.56, р. 86. Помимо этого см. W. Shepard, Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism: A Translation and Critical Analysis of Social Justice in Islam (Leiden, 2010). Также обратите внимание на важные наблюдения о гендерной и социальной справедливости в раннем исламе, A. Wahud, Qurʾān and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman’s Perspective (Oxford, 1999).
348
Qurʾān, 47.15, р. 507.
349
Р. Crone, ‘The Religion of the Qurʾānic Pagans: God and the Lesser Deities’, Arabica 57 (2010), рр. 151–200.
350
R. Hoyland, ‘New Documentary Texts and the Early Islamic State’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 69.3 (2006), рр. 395–416. О дате бегства Муххамеда – A. Noth, The Early Arabic Historical Tradition: A Source Critical Study (Princeton, 1994), р. 40; M. Cook and Р. Crone, Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World (Cambridge, 1977), рр. 24, 157.
351
Nikephoros of Constantinople, Chronographikon syntomon, ed. and tr. C. Mango, Short History (Washington, DC, 1990), рр. 68–69; Theophylact Simokatta, History, 3.17. Об арабской «идентичности» до возникновения ислама – A. Al-Azmeh, The Emergence of Islam in Late Antiquity (Oxford, 2014), р. 147; также см. W. Kaegi, ‘Reconceptualizing Byzantium’s Eastern Frontiers’, in Mathisen and Sivan, Shifting Frontiers, р. 88.
352
Qurʾān, 43.3, р. 488.
353
C. Robinson, ‘Rise of Islam’, р. 181.
354
Малик записал два похожих варианта, предположительно отражавших родословную, в комментарии, Mālik ibn Anas, al-Muwaṭṭa, 45.5, tr. A. ʿAbdarahman and Y. Johnson (Norwich, 1982), р. 429.
355
Qurʾān, 2.143–4, р. 21; а также al-Azmeh, Emergence of Islam, р. 419.
356
Qurʾān, 22.27–9, рр. 334–335.
357
R. Frye, ‘The Political History of Iran under the Sasanians’, in Cambridge History of Iran, 3.1, р. 178; Tabarī, The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine, tr. Y. Friedmann (Albany, NY, 1992), рр. 45–46.
358
H. Kennedy, The Great Arab Conquests (London, 2007), рр. 103–105.
359
Tabarī, Battle of al-Qādisiyyah, р. 63.
360
Там же.
361
Qurʾān, 29.1–5, р. 395.
362
Crone, Meccan Trade, р. 245.
363
C. Robinson, The First Islamic Empire, in J. Arnason and K. Raaflaub (eds), The Roman Empire in Context: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (Oxford, 2010), р. 239; G. – R. Puin, Der Dīwān vonʿUmar Ibn al-Ḥattab (Bonn, 1970); F. Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests (Princeton, 1981), рр. 231–232, 261–263.
364
Pourshariati, Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire, р. 161ff. Также Donner, Early Islamic Conquests, рр. 176–190; Kennedy, Arab Conquests, рр. 105–107.
365
О дате завоевания Иерусалима – Р. Booth, Crisis of Empire: Doctrine and Dissent at the End of Late Antiquity (Berkeley, 2014), рр. 243.
366
Sebeos, Armenian History, 42, р. 98.
367
См. Howard-Johnston, Witnesses to a World Crisis, р. 373–375.
368
Текст – F. Donner, Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam (Cambridge, MA, 2010), рр. 228–232. Также см. M. Lecker, The ‘Constitution of Medina’: Muhammad’s First Legal Document (Princeton, 2004).
369
См. важную подборку эссе M. Goodman, G. van Kooten and J. van Ruiten, Abraham, the Nations and the Hagarites: Jewish, Christian and Islamic Perspectives on Kinship with Abraham (Leiden, 2010).
370
Doctrina Iacobi in Dagron and Déroche, ‘Juifs et chrétiens’, 209. Перевод здесь: by R. Hoyland, Seeing Islam as Others Saw It: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam (Princeton, 1997), р. 57.
371
Обратите внимание: W. van Bekkum, ‘Jewish Messianic Expectations in the Age of Heraclius’, in G. Reinink and H. Stolte (eds), The Reign of Heraclius (610–641): Crisis and Confrontation (Leuven, 2002), рр. 95–112.
372
Dagron and Déroche, ‘Juifs et chrétiens’, рр. 240–247. Относительно достоверности большей части информации в тексте – Howard-Johnston, Witnesses to a World Crisis, рр. 155–157; о вероятной аудитории и цели текста – D. Olster, Roman Defeat, Christian Response and the Literary Construction of the Jew (Philadelphia, 1994). Главным образом, здесь Hoyland, Seeing Islam as Others Saw It.
373
J. Reeves, Trajectories in Near Eastern Apocalyptic: A Postrabbinic Jewish Apocalypse Reader (Leiden, 2006), рр. 78–89; B. Lewis, ‘An Apocalyptic Vision of Islamic History’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 13 (1950), рр. 321–330. Также см. S. Shoemaker, The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad’s Life and the Beginnings of Islam (Philadelphia, 2012), рр. 28–33.
374
Canonici Hebronensis Tractatus de invention sanctorum patriarchum Abraham, Ysaac et Yacob, in Recueil des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens Occidentaux 1, р. 309; перевод: N. Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book (Philadelphia, 1979), р. 152.
375
M. Conterno, ‘“L’abominio della desolazione nel luogo santo”: l’ingresso di ʿUmar I a Gerusalemme nella Cronografia de Teofane Confessore e in tre cronache siriache’, in Quaderni di storia religiosa 17 (2010), рр. 9–24.
376
J. Binns, Ascetics and Ambassadors of Christ: The Monasteries of Palestine 314–631 (Oxford, 1994); B. Horn, Asceticism and Christological Controversy in Fifth-Century Palestine: The Career of Peter the Iberian (Oxford, 2006); Cameron and Hoyland, Doctrine and Debate, р. xxix.
377
S. Brock, ‘North Mesopotamia in the Late Seventh Century: Book XV of John Bar Penkaye’s Rish Melle’, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 9 (1987), р. 65.
378
Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Series 3, 64, рр. 248–251; Donner, Muhammad and the Believers, р. 114.
379
Qurʾān, 2.87, р. 12.
380
Qurʾān, 3.3, р. 49.
381
Qurʾān, 2.42–3, р. 54.
382
Cameron and Hoyland, Doctrine and Debate, р. xxxii.
383
Qurʾān, 3.65, р. 57
384
Qurʾān, 3.103; 105, р. 62.
385
Qurʾān, 2.62, р. 9, 5.69, р. 118.
386
R. Hoyland, In God’s Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire (Oxford, 2015), р. 224–229.
387
Robinson, ‘The Rise of Islam’, р. 186.
388
C. Luxenburg, The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran: A Contribution to the Decoding of the Language of the Koran (Berlin, 2007); см. здесь D. King, ‘A Christian Qurʾān? A Study in the Syriac background to the language of the Qurʾān as presented in the work of Christoph Luxenberg’, Journal for Late Antique Religion and Culture 3 (2009), рр. 44–71.
389
Qurʾān, 30.2–4, р. 403.
390
Qurʾān, 30.6, р. 404.
391
T. Sizgorich, Violence and Belief in Late Antiquity: Militant Devotion in Christianity and Islam (Philadelphia, 2009), р. 160–161.
392
R. Finn, Asceticism in the Graeco-Roman World (Cambridge, 2009).
393
Qurʾān, 3.84, р. 60.
394
Qurʾān, 10.19, р. 209.
395
Shoemaker, Death of a Prophet, рр. 18–72. Также см. R. Hoyland, ‘The Earliest Christian Writings on Muhammad: An Appraisal’, in H. Motzki (ed.), The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources (Leiden, 2000), esр. рр. 277–281; Cook, ‘Muhammad’, 75–76.
396
Sophronius of Jerusalem, ‘Logos eis to hagion baptisma’, in A. Papadopoulos-Kermeus, ‘Tou en hagiois patros hemon Sophroniou archiepiskopou Hierosolymon logos eis to hagion baptisma’, Analekta Hierosolymitikes Stakhiologias 5 (St Petersburg, 1898), рр. 166–167.
397
G. Anvil, The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach (Oxford, 2014); R. Schick, The Christian Communities of Palestine from Byzantine to Islamic Rule (Princeton, 1995).
398
al-Balādhurī, Kitâb futûḥ al-buldân, tr. Р. Hitti, The Origins of the Islamic State (New York, 1916), 8, р. 187.
399
John of Nikiu, Khronike, tr. R. Charles, The Chronicle of John of Nikiu (London, 1916), 120.17–28, рр. 193–194.
400
G. Garitte, ‘“Histoires édifiantes” géorgiennes’, Byzantion 36 (1966), рр. 414–416; Holyand, Seeing Islam, р. 63.
401
Robinson, First Islamic Empire, р. 239ff.
402
W. Kubiak, Al-Fustiat, Its Foundation and Early Urban Development (Cairo, 1987); N. Luz, ‘The Construction of an Islamic City in Palestine: The Case of Umayyad al-Ramla’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 7.1 (1997), рр. 27–54; H. Djaït, Al-Kūfa: naissance de la ville islamique (Paris, 1986); D. Whitcomb, ‘The Misr of Ayla: New Evidence for the Early Islamic City’, in G. Bisheh (ed.), Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan (Amman, 1995), рр. 277–288.
403
J. Conant, Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439–700 (Cambridge, 2012), рр. 362–370. Также см. Р. Grossman, D. Brooks-Hedstrom and M. Abdal-Rassul, ‘The Excavation in the Monastery of Apa Shnute (Dayr Anba Shinuda) at Suhag’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 58 (2004), рр. 371–382; E. Bolman, S. Davis and G. Pyke, ‘Shenoute and a Recently Discovered Tomb Chapel at the White Monastery’, Journal of Early Christian Studies 18.3 (2010), рр. 453–462; о Палестине – L. di Segni, ‘Greek Inscriptions in Transition from the Byzantine to the Early Islamic Period’, in Hoyland, Hellenism to Islam, рр. 352–373.
404
N. Green, ‘The Survival of Zoroastrianism in Yazd’, Iran 28 (2000), рр. 115–122.
405
A. Tritton, The Caliphs and their Non-Muslim Subjects: A Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar (London, 1970); Hoyland, God’s Path, esр. рр. 207–231.
406
N. Khairy and A. – J. ʿAmr, ‘Early Islamic Inscribed Pottery Lamps from Jordan’, Levant 18 (1986), р. 152.
407
G. Bardy, ‘Les Trophées de Damas: controverse judéo-chrétienne du VIIe siècle’, Patrologia Orientalis 15 (1921), р. 222.
408
J. Johns, ‘Archaeology and the History of Early Islam: The First Seventy Years’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 46.4 (2003), рр. 411–436; Oddy, ‘The Christian Coinage of Early Muslim Syria ’, ARAM 15 (2003), рр. 185–196.
409
E. Whelan, ‘Forgotten Witnesses: Evidence for the Early Codification of the Qur’an’, Journal of the American Oriental Society 118.1 (1998), рр. 1–14; W. Graham and N. Kermani, ‘Recitation and Aesthetic Reception’, in J. McAuliffe (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Qurʾān (Cambridge, 2005), рр. 115–143, S. Blair, ‘Transcribing God’s Word: Qur’an Codices in Context’, Journal of Qur’anic Studies 10.1 (2008), рр. 72–97.
410
R. Hoyland, ‘Jacob of Edessa on Islam’, in G. Reinink and A. Cornelis Klugkist (eds), After Bardasian: Studies on Continuity and Change in Syriac Christianity (Leuven, 1999), рр. 158–159.
411
M. Whittow, The Making of Orthodox Byzantium, 600–1025 (London, 1996), рр. 141–142.
412
R. Hoyland, ‘Writing the Biography of the Prophet Muhammad: Problems and Sources’, History Compass 5.2 (2007), рр. 593–596. Также см. I. and W. Schulze, ‘The Standing Caliph Coins of al-Jazīra: Some Problems and Suggestions’, Numismatic Chronicle 170 (2010), рр. 331–353; S. Heidemann, ‘The Evolving Representation of the Early Islamic Empire and its Religion on Coin Imagery’, in A. Neuwirth, Sinai and M. Marx (eds), The Qurʾān in Context: Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qurʾānic Milieu (Leiden, 2010), рр. 149–195.
413
B. Flood, The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Umayyad Visual Culture (Leiden, 2001).
414
Johns, ‘Archaeology and History of Early Islam’, рр. 424–425. Также см. Hoyland, Seeing Islam, esр. рр. 550–553, 694–695, и в целом Р. Crone and M. Hinds, God’s Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam (Cambridge, 1986).
415
O. Grabar, The Dome of the Rock (Cambridge, MA, 2006), рр. 91–92.
416
John of Damascus, On Heresies, tr. F. Chase, The Fathers of the Church (Washington, DC, 1958), 101, р. 153; Sarris, Empires of Faith, р. 266.
417
Например, M. Bennett, Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World AD 500 – AD 1500: Equipment, Combat Skills and Tactics (Staplehurst, 2005).
418
Р. Reynolds, Trade in the Western Mediterranean, AD 400–700: The Ceramic Evidence (Oxford, 1995); S. Kinsley, ‘Mapping Trade by Shipwrecks’, in M. Mundell Mango (ed.), Byzantine Trade, 4th–12th Centuries (Farnham, 2009), рр. 31–36; M. McCormick, Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce, AD 300–900 (Cambridge, 2001); Wickham, Inheritance of Rome, esр. р. 255ff.
419
de la Vaissière, Sogdian Traders, рр. 279–286.
420
al-Yaʿqūbī and al-Balādhurī, цитируется по J. Banaji, ‘Islam, the Mediterranean and the Rise of Capitalism’, Historical Materialism 15 (2007), рр. 47–74, esр. рр. 59–60.
421
О свободных структурах в согдийском мире в это время см. de la Vaissière, Marchands sogdiens, рр. 144–176.
422
См. здесь F. Grenet and E. de la Vaissière, ‘The Last Days of Panjikent’, Silk Road Art and Archaeology 8 (2002), рр. 155–196.
423
См. здесь J. Karam Skaff, Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbours: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580–800 (Oxford, 2012).
424
D. Graff, ‘Strategy and Contingency in the Tang Defeat of the Eastern Turks, 629–630’, in N. di Cosmo (ed.), Warfare in Inner Asian History, 500–1800 (Leiden, 2002), рр. 33–72.
425
de la Vaissière, Sogdian Traders, рр. 217–220.
426
C. Mackerras, The Uighur Empire According to the T’ang Dynastic Histories (Canberra, 1972); T. Allsen, Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire: A Cultural History of Islamic Textiles (Cambridge, 1997), р. 65.
427
C. Beckwith, ‘The Impact of Horse and Silk Trade on the Economics of T’ang China and the Uighur Empire: On the Importance of International Commerce in the Early Middle Ages’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 34 (1991), рр. 183–198.
428
J. Kolbas, ‘Khukh Ordung: A Uighur Palace Complex of the Seventh Century’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 15.3 (2005), рр. 303–327.
429
L. Albaum, Balalyk-Tepe: k istorii material’noĭ kul’tury i iskusstva Tokharistana (Tashkent, 1960); F. Starr, Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia’s Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane (Princeton, 2014), р. 104.
430
A. Walmsley and K. Damgaard, ‘The Umayyad Congregational Mosque of Jerash in Jordan and its Relationship to Early Mosques’, Antiquity 79 (2005), рр. 362–378; I. Roll and E. Ayalon, ‘The Market Street at Apollonia – Arsuf’, BASOR 267 (1987), рр. 61–76; K. al-Asʿad and Stepniowski, ‘The Umayyad suq in Palmyra’, Damazener Mitteilungen 4 (1989), рр. 205–223; R. Hillenbrand, ‘Anjar and Early Islamic Urbanism’, in G. – Р. Brogiolo and B. Ward-Perkins (eds), The Idea and Ideal of the Town between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Leiden, 1999), рр. 59–98.
431
Hilāl al-Ṣābiʾ, Rusūm dār al-khilāfah, in The Rules and Regulations of the Abbasid Court, tr. E. Salem (Beirut, 1977), рр. 21–22.
432
Ibn al-Zubayr, Kitāb al-hadāyā wa al-tuḥaf, in Book of Gifts and Rarities: Selections Compiled in the Fifteenth Century from an Eleventh-Century Manuscript on Gifts and Treasures, tr. G. al-Qaddūmī (Cambridge, MA, 1996), рр. 121–122.
433
B. Lewis, Islam: From the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople (New York, 1987), рр. 140–141.
434
Muqaddasī, Best Divisions for Knowledge, р. 60.
435
Там же, рр. 107, 117, 263.
436
J. Bloom, Paper before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World (New Haven, 2001).
437
Muqaddasī, Best Divisions for Knowledge, рр. 6, 133–134, 141.
438
Two Arabic travel books: Accounts of China and India, ed. and trans. T. Mackintosh-Smith and J. Montgomery (New York, 2014), р. 37.
439
Там же, рр. 59, 63.
440
J. Stargardt, ‘Indian Ocean Trade in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries: Demand, Distance, and Profit’, South Asian Studies 30.1 (2014), рр. 35–55.
441
A. Northedge, ‘Thoughts on the Introduction of Polychrome Glazed Pottery in the Middle East’, in E. Villeneuve and Р. Watson (eds), La Céramique byzantine et proto-islamique en Syrie-Jordanie (IVe – VIIIe siècles apr. J. – C.) (Beirut, 2001), рр. 207–214; R. Mason, Shine Like the Sun: Lustre-Painted and Associated Pottery from the Medieval Middle East (Toronto, 2004); M. Milwright, An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology (Edinburgh, 2010), рр. 48–49.
442
H. Khalileh, Admiralty and Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean Sea (ca. 800–1050): The Kitāb Akriyat al Sufun vis-à-vis the Nomos Rhodion Nautikos (Leiden, 2006), рр. 212–214.
443
Muqaddasī, Best Divisions for Knowledge, рр. 347.
444
Daryaee, ‘Persian Gulf Trade’, рр. 1–16; Banaji, ‘Islam, the Mediterranean and the Rise of Capitalism’, рр. 61–62.
445
E. Grube, Cobalt and Lustre: The First Centuries of Islamic Pottery (London, 1994); O. Watson, Ceramics from Islamic Lands (London, 2004).
446
Du Huan, Jinxing Ji, цитируется по X. Liu, The Silk Road in World History (Oxford, 2010), р. 101.
447
Kitāb al-Tāj (fī akhlāq al-mulūk) in Le Livre de la couronne: ouvrage attribute à Ǧahiz, tr. C. Pellat (Paris, 1954), р. 101.
448
Заимствования у Сасанидов – Walker, Qardagh, р. 139. Сцены охоты из дворцов Тегерана – D. Thompson, Stucco from Chal-Tarkhan-Eshqabad near Rayy (Warminster, 1976), рр. 9–24.
449
D. Gutas, Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and EarlyʿAbbasid Society (2nd–4th / 8th–10th Centuries (London, 1998); R. Hoyland, ‘Theonmestus of Magnesia, Hunayn ibn Ishaq and the Beginnings of Islamic Veterinary Science’, in R. Hoyland and Р. Kennedy (eds), Islamic Reflections, Arabic Musings (Oxford, 2004), рр. 150–169; A. McCabe, A Byzantine Encyclopedia of Horse Medicine (Oxford, 2007), рр. 182–184.
450
V. van Bladel, ‘The Bactrian Background of the Barmakids’, in A. Akasoy, Burnett and R. Yoeli-Tialim, Islam and Tibet: Interactions along the Musk Route (Farnham, 2011), рр. 82–83; Gutas, Greek Thought, Arabic Culture, р. 13.
451
См. Р. Pormann and E. Savage-Smith, Medieval Islamic Medicine (Edinburgh, 2007); Y. Tabbaa, ‘The Functional Aspects of Medieval Islamic Hospitals’, in М. Boner, M. Ener and A. Singer (eds), Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts (Albany, NY, 2003), рр. 97–98.
452
Pormann and Savage-Smith, Medieval Islamic Medicine, р. 55.
453
E. Lev and L. Chipman, ‘A Fragment of a Judaeo-Arabic Manuscript of Sābūr b. Sahl’s Al-Aqrābādhīn al-Ṣaghīr Found in the Taylor-Schechter Cairo Genizah Collection’, Medieval Encounters 13 (2007), рр. 347–362.
454
Ibn al-Haytham, The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I–III: On Direct Vision, tr. A. Sabra, 2 vols (London, 1989).
455
W. Gohlman, The Life of Ibn Sina: A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation (New York, 1974), р. 35.
456
al-Jāḥiẓ, Kitāb al-Ḥayawān, cited by Pormann and Savage-Smith, Medieval Islamic Medicine, р. 23.
457
Mahsatī, Mahsati Ganjavi: la luna e le perle, tr. R. Bargigli (Milan, 1999); а также Bagherzadeh, ‘Mahsati Ganjavi et les potiers de Rey’, in Varia Turcica 19 (1992), рр. 161–176.
458
Augustine, The Confessions of St Augustine, tr. F. Sheed (New York, 1942), р. 247.
459
al-Masʿūdī, цитируется по Gutas, Greek Thought, Arabic Culture, р. 89.
460
Muqaddasī, Best Divisions for Knowledge, р. 8.
461
M. Barrucand and A. Bednorz, Moorish Architecture in Andalusia (Cologne, 1999), р. 40.
462
Например, M. Dickens, ‘Patriarch Timothy II and the Metropolitan of the Turks’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 20.2 (2010), рр. 117–139.
463
Conant, Staying Roman, рр. 362–370.
464
Narshakhī, The History of Bukhara: Translated from a Persian Abridgement of the Arabic Original by Narshakhī, tr. N Frye (Cambridge, MA, 1954), рр. 48–49.
465
A. Watson, Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World (Cambridge, 1983); T. Glick, ‘Hydraulic Technology in al-Andalus’, in M. Morony (ed.), Production and the Exploitation of Resources (Aldershot, 2002), рр. 327–339.
466
W. Davis, Readings in Ancient History: Illustrative Extracts from the Sources, 2 vols (Boston, 1912–1913), 2, рр. 365–367.
467
Ibn Khurradādhbih, Kitāb al-masālik wa-l-mamālik, tr. Lunde and Stone, ‘Book of Roads and Kingdoms’, in Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness, рр. 99–104.
468
E. van Donzel and A. Schmidt, Gog and Magog in Early Christian and Islamic Sources: Sallam’s Quest for Alexander’s Wall (Leiden, 2010); также обратите внимание на эти источники F. Sezgin, Anthropogeographie (Frankfurt, 2010), рр. 95–97; Крачковский И. Ю. Арабская географическая литература. – М., 2004. – С. 138–141.
469
A. Gow, ‘Gog and Magog on Mappaemundi and Early Printed World Maps: Orientalizing Ethnography in the Apocalyptic Tradition’, Journal of Early Modern History 2.1 (1998), рр. 61–62.
470
Ibn Faḍlān, Book of Ahmad ibn Faḍlān, tr. Lunde and Stone, Land of Darkness, р. 12.
471
Там же, рр. 23–24.
472
Там же, р. 12; о Тенгри см. U. Harva, Die Religiösen Vorstellungen der altaischen Völker (Helsinki, 1938), рр. 140–153.
473
R. Mason, ‘The Religious Beliefs of the Khazars’, Ukrainian Quarterly 51.4 (1995), рр. 383–415.
474
Обратите внимание на противоположный аргумент, который разъединяет суфизм и кочевой мир, J. Paul, ‘Islamizing Sufis in Pre-Mongol Central Asia’, in de la Vaissière, Islamisation de l’Asie Centrale, рр. 297–317.
475
Abū Hāmid al-Gharnātī, Tuḥfat al-albāb wa-nukhbat al-iʿjāb wa-Riḥlah ilá Ūrubbah wa-Āsiyah, tr. Lunde and Stone, ‘The Travels’, in Land of Darkness, р. 68.
476
A. Khazanov, ‘The Spread of World Religions in Medieval Nomadic Societies of the Eurasian Steppes’, in M. Gervers and W. Schlepp (eds), Nomadic Diplomacy, Destruction and Religion from the Pacific to the Adriatic (Toronto, 1994), рр. 11–34.
477
E. Seldeslachts, ‘Greece, the Final Frontier? The Westward Spread of Buddhism’, in A. Heirman and S. Bumbacher (eds), The Spread of Buddhism (Leiden, 2007); R. Bulliet, ‘Naw Bahar and the Survival of Iranian Buddhism’, Iran 14 (1976), рр. 144–145; Narshakhī, History of Bukhara, р. 49.
478
Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio, ed. G. Moravcsik, tr. R. Jenkins (Washington, DC, 1967), 37, рр. 166–170.
479
Ibn Faḍlān, ‘Book of Ahmad ibn Faḍlān’, р. 22. Некоторые ученые преуменьшают значение кочевого скотоводства в степи, см. Б. Заходер, Каспийский свод сведений о Восточной Европе: В 2-х т. – М., 1962. – Т. 1 – С. 139–140.
480
D. Dunlop, The History of the Jewish Khazars (Princeton, 1954), р. 83; Баранов Л. Таврика в эпоху раннего средневековья (салтово-маятская культура). – Киев, 1990. – С. 76–79.
481
A. Martinez, ‘Gardīzī’s Two Chapters on the Turks’, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2 (1982), р. 155; T. Noonan, ‘Some Observations on the Economy of the Khazar Khaganate’, in Р. Golden, H. Ben-Shammai and A. Róna-Tas (eds), The World of the Khazars (Leiden, 2007), рр. 214–215.
482
Баранов, Таврика, с. 72–76.
483
Al-Muqaddasī, in Land of Darkness, рр. 169–170.
484
Abū Hāmid, ‘Travels’, р. 67.
485
McCormick, Origins of the European Economy, рр. 369–384.
486
J. Howard-Johnston, ‘Trading in Fur, from Classical Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages’, in E. Cameron (ed.), Leather and Fur: Aspects of Early Medieval Trade and Technology (London, 1998), рр. 65–79.
487
Masʿūdī, Kitāb al-tanbīh wa-al-ishrāf, tr. Lunde and Stone, ‘The Meadows of Gold and Mines of Precious Gems’, Land of Darkness, р. 161.
488
Muqaddasī, Aḥsanu-t-taqāsīm fī maʿrifati-l-aqālīm, tr. Lunde and Stone, ‘Best Divisions for the Knowledge of the Provinces’, Land of Darkness, р. 169.
489
Abū Hāmid, ‘Travels’, р. 75.
490
R. Kovalev, ‘The Infrastructure of the Northern Part of the “Fur Road” between the Middle Volga and the East during the Middle Ages’, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 11 (2000–2001), рр. 25–64.
491
Muqaddasī, Best Division of Knowledge, р. 252.
492
Ibn al-Faqīh, Land of Darkness, р. 113.
493
al-Muqaddasī, Best Division of Knowledge, р. 245.
494
Краткий обзор – G. Mako, ‘The Possible Reasons for the Arab-Khazar Wars’, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 17 (2010), рр. 45–57.
495
R.-J. Lilie, Die byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber. Studien zur Strukturwandlung des byzantinischen Staates im 7. und 8. Jahrhundert (Munich, 1976), рр. 157–160; J. Howard-Johnston, ‘Byzantine Sources for Khazar History’, in Golden, Ben-Shammai and Róna-Tas, World of the Khazars, рр. 163–194.
496
Единственным исключением был брак дочери императора Ираклия с тюркским каганом в разгар противостояния с персами в начале седьмого века, C. Zuckermann, ‘La Petite Augusta et le Turc: Epiphania-Eudocie sur les monnaies d’Héraclius’, Revue numismatique 150 (1995), рр. 113–126.
497
Ibn Faḍlān, ‘Book of Ahmad ibn Faḍlān’, р. 56.
498
Dunlop, History of the Jewish Khazars, р. 141.
499
См. Р. Golden, ‘The Peoples of the South Russian Steppes’, in The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia (Cambridge, 1990), рр. 256–284; Новосельцев А. П. Хазарское государство и его роль в истории Восточной Европы и Кавказа. – М., 1990.
500
Р. Golden, ‘Irano-Turcica: The Khazar Sacral Kingship’, Acta Orientalia 60.2 (2007), рр. 161–194. Некоторые ученые интерпретируют изменение характера роли кагана как результат сдвига в религиозных верованиях и обычаях в этот период, см., например, J. Olsson, ‘Coup d’état, Coronation and Conversion: Some Reflections on the Adoption of Judaism by the Khazar Khaganate’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 23.4 (2013), рр. 495–526.
501
R. Kovalev, ‘Commerce and Caravan Routes along the Northern Silk Road (Sixth – Ninth Centuries). Part I: The Western Sector’, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 14 (2005), рр. 55–105.
502
Masʿūdī, ‘Meadows of Gold’, рр. 131, 133; Noonan, ‘Economy of the Khazar Khaganate’, р. 211.
503
Istakhrī, Kitāb suwar al-aqalīm, tr. Lunde and Stone, ‘Book of Roads and Kingdoms’, in Land of Darkness, рр. 153–155.
504
J. Darrouzès, Notitiae Episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae (Paris, 1981), рр. 31–32, 241–242, 245.
505
Istakhrī, ‘Book of Roads and Kingdoms’, рр. 154–155.
506
Mason, ‘The Religious Beliefs of the Khazars’, р. 411.
507
C. Zuckerman, ‘On the Date of the Khazars’ Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus’ Oleg and Igor: A Study of the Anonymous Khazar Letter from the Genizah of Cairo’, Revue des Etudes Byzantines 53 (1995), р. 245.
508
Там же, с. 243–244. О заимствованиях из письма Константина – P. Meyvaert and P. Devos, ‘Trois énigmes cyrillo-méthodiennes de la “Légende Italique” résolues grâce à un document inédit’, Analecta Bollandiana 75 (1955), рр. 433–440.
509
Лавров П. Материалы по истории возникновения древней славянской письменности. – Л., 1930. – С. 21; F. Butler, ‘The Representation of Oral Culture in the Vita Constantini’, Slavic and East European Review 39.3 (1995), р. 372.
510
‘The Letter of Rabbi Hasdai’, in J. Rader Marcus (ed.), The Jew in the Medieval World (Cincinnati, 1999), рр. 227–228. Также см. здесь N. Golb and O. Pritsak (eds), Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century (London, 1982).
511
‘The Letter of Joseph the King’, in J. Rader Marcus (ed.), The Jew in the Medieval World, р. 300. Обсуждение даты и контекста – Р. Golden, ‘The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism’, in Golden, Ben-Shammai and Róna-Tas, World of the Khazars, рр. 123–162.
512
R. Kovalev, ‘Creating “Khazar Identity” through Coins – the “Special Issue” Dirhams of 837/8’, in F. Curta (ed.), East Central and Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages (Ann Arbor, 2005), рр. 220–253. Об изменении практики погребения – V. Petrukhin, ‘The Decline and Legacy of Khazaria’, in Р. Urbanczyk (ed.), Europe around the Year 1000 (Warsaw, 2001), рр. 109–122.
513
Qurʾān, 2.285, р. 48; 3.84, р. 60.
514
Zuckerman, ‘On the Date of the Khazars’ Conversion’, р. 241, а также Golb and Pritsak, Khazarian Hebrew Documents, р. 130.
515
Masʿūdī, ‘Meadows of Gold’, р. 132; об элите Иудаизма – Mason, ‘The Religious Beliefs of the Khazars’, рр. 383–415.
516
Pritsak and Golb, Khazarian Hebrew Documents; Masʿūdī, ‘Meadows of Gold’, р. 133; Istakhrī, ‘Book of Roads and Kingdoms’, р. 154.
517
Ibn Khurradādhbih, ‘Book of Roads and Kingdoms’, р. 110.
518
Там же, рр. 111–112.
519
Там же, р. 112.
520
Ibn al-Faqīh, ‘Book of Countries’, р. 114.
521
Луитпранд Кремонский, посетивший Константинополь в десятом веке, думал, что название «русы» произошло от греческого слово rousios, или красный, из-за отличительного цвета их волос, The Complete Works of Liudprand of Cremona, tr. Р. Squatriti (Washington, DC, 2007), 5.15, р. 179. Фактически слово происходит от скандинавских слов roþrsmenn и roðr, означающих ряд. S. Ekbo, ‘Finnish Ruotsi and Swedish Roslagen – What Sort of Connection?’, Medieval Scandinavia 13 (2000), рр. 64–69; W. Duczko, Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe (Leiden, 2004), рр. 22–23.
522
S. Franklin and J. Shepard, The Emergence of Rus’ 750–1200 (London, 1996).
523
Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio, 9, рр. 58–62.
524
De Administrando Imperio, 9, р. 60.
525
Ibn Rusta, Kitāb al-aʿlāq an-nafīsa, tr. Lunde and Stone, ‘Book of Precious Gems’, in Land of Darkness, р. 127.
526
Ibn Faḍlān, ‘Book of Ahmad ibn Faḍlān’, р. 45.
527
Ibn Rusta, ‘Book of Precious Gems’, р. 127.
528
Ibn Faḍlān, ‘Book of Ahmad ibn Faḍlān’, рр. 46–49.
529
A. Winroth, The Conversion of Scandinavia (New Haven, 2012), рр. 78–79.
530
M. Bogucki, ‘The Beginning of the Dirham Import to the Baltic Sea and the Question of the Early Emporia’, in A. Bitner-Wróblewska and U. Lund-Hansen (eds), Worlds Apart? Contacts across the Baltic Sea in the Iron Age: Network Denmark-Poland 2005–2008 (Copenhagen, 2010), рр. 351–361. О Швеции – I. Hammarberg, Byzantine Coin Finds in Sweden (1989); C. von Heijne, Särpräglat. Vikingatida och tidigmedeltida myntfynd från Danmark, Skåne, Blekinge och Halland (ca. 800–1130) (Stockholm, 2004).
531
T. Noonan, ‘Why Dirhams First Reached Russia: The Role of Arab-Khazar Relations in the Development of the Earliest Islamic Trade with Eastern Europe’, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 4 (1984), рр. 151–182, и см., главным образом, T. Noonan, ‘Dirham Exports to the Baltic in the Viking Age’, in K. Jonsson and B. Malmer (eds), Sigtuna Papers: Proceedings of the Sigtuna Symposium on Viking-Age Coinage 1–4 June 1989 (Stockholm, 1990), рр. 251–257.
532
Ibn Rusta, ‘Book of Precious Gems’, рр. 126–127.
533
Происхождение слова «славяне» до сих пор остается не выясненным, по одной из версий оно произошло от slauos – индоевр. «народ». (Примеч. ред.)
534
Там же.
535
De Administrando Imperio, 9, р. 60.
536
Ibn Faḍlān, ‘Book of Ahmad ibn Faḍlān’, р. 47.
537
D. Wyatt, Slaves and Warriors in Medieval Britain and Ireland, 800–1200 (Leiden, 2009).
538
L. Delisle (ed.), Littérature latine et histoire du moyen âge (Paris, 1890), р. 17.
539
См. J. Henning, ‘Strong Rulers – Weak Economy? Rome, the Carolingians and the Archaeology of Slavery in the First Millennium ad’, in J. Davis and M. McCormick (eds), The Long Morning of Medieval Europe: New Directions in Early Medieval Studies (Aldershot, 2008), рр. 33–53; о Новгороде см. H. Birnbaum, ‘Medieval Novgorod: Political, Social and Cultural Life in an Old Russian Urban Community’, California Slavic Studies (1992), 14, р. 11.
540
Adam of Bremen, History of the Archbishops of Hamburg Bremen, ed. and tr. F. Tschan (New York, 1959), 4.6, р. 190.
541
B. Hudson, Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion and Empire in the North Atlantic (Oxford, 2005), р. 41; в целом см. также S. Brink, Vikingarnas slavar: den nordiska träldomen under yngre järnålder och äldsta medeltid (Stockholm, 2012).
542
T. Noonan, ‘Early Abbasid Mint Output’, Journal of Economic and Social History (1986), рр. 113–175; R. Kovalev, ‘Dirham Mint Output of Samanid Samarqand and its Connection to the Beginnings of Trade with Northern Europe (10th Century)’, Histoire & Mesure 17.3–4 (2002), рр. 197–216; T. Noonan and R. Kovalev, ‘The Dirham Output and Monetary Circulation of a Secondary Samanid Mint: A Case Study of Balkh,’ in R. Kiernowski (ed.), Moneta Mediævalis: Studia numizmatyczne i historyczne ofiarowane Profesorowi Stanisławowi Suchodolskiemu w rocznicę urodzin (Warsaw, 2002), рр. 163–174.
543
R. Segal, Islam’s Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora (New York, 2001), р. 121.
544
Ibn Ḥawqal, Kītāb ṣūrat al-ard, цитируется по D. Ayalon, ‘The Mamluks of the Seljuks: Islam’s Military Might at the Crossroads’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 6.3 (1996), р. 312. С этого момента я переключаюсь с термина «тюрки» на «турки», чтобы отличить народы степей от предков современной Турции.
545
W. Scheidel, ‘The Roman Slave Supply’, in K. Bradley, Р. Cartledge, D. Eltis and S. Engerman (eds), The Cambridge World History of Slavery, 3 vols (Cambridge, 2011), 1, рр. 287–310.
546
См. F. Caswell, The Slave Girls of Baghdad. The Qiyan in the Early Abbasid Era (London, 2011), р. 13.
547
Tacitus, Annals, 15.69, р. 384.
548
Ibn Buṭlān, Taqwīm al-ṣiḥḥa, цитируется по G. Vantini, Oriental Sources concerning Nubia (Heidelberg, 1975), рр. 238–239.
549
Kaykāvūs ibn Iskandar ibn Qābūs, ed. and tr. R. Levy, Naṣīḥat-nāma known as Qābūs-nāma, (London, 1951), р. 102.
550
Там же.
551
D. Abulafia, ‘Asia, Africa and the Trade of Medieval Europe’, in M. Postan, E. Miller and C. Postan (eds), Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages (2nd edn, Cambridge, 1987), р. 417. Также см. D. Mishin, ‘The Saqaliba Slaves in the Aghlabid State’, in M. Sebök (ed.), Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU 1996/1997 (Budapest, 1998), рр. 236–244.
552
Ibrāhīm ibn Yaʿqūb, tr. Lunde and Stone, in Land of Darkness, рр. 164–165. О роли Праги как рабовладельческого центра – D. Třeštík, ‘“Eine große Stadt der Slawen namens Prag”: Staaten und Sklaven in Mitteleuropa im 10. Jahrhundert’, in Р. Sommer (ed.), Boleslav II: der tschechische Staat um das Jahr 1000 (Prague 2001), рр. 93–138.
553
Ibn al-Zubayr, Book of Gifts and Rarities, рр. 91–92; A. Christys, ‘The Queen of the Franks Offers Gifts to the Caliph Al-Muktafi’, in W. Davies and Р. Fouracre (eds), The Languages of Gift in the Early Middle Ages (Cambridge, 2010), рр. 140–171.
554
Ibrāhīm ibn Ya‘qūb, рр. 162–163.
555
R. Naismith, ‘Islamic Coins from Early Medieval England’, Numismatic Chronicle 165 (2005), рр. 193–222; R. Naismith, ‘The Coinage of Offa Revisited’, British Numismatic Journal 80 (2010), рр. 76–106.
556
M. McCormick, ‘New Light on the “Dark Ages”: How the Slave Trade Fuelled the Carolingian Economy’, Past & Present 177 (2002), рр. 17–54; а также J. Henning, ‘Slavery or Freedom? The Causes of Early Medieval Europe’s Economic Advancement’, Early Medieval Europe 12.3 (2003), рр. 269–277.
557
Ibn Khurradādhbih, ‘Book of Roads and Kingdoms’, р. 111.
558
Ibn Ḥawqal, Kītāb ṣūrat al-ard, tr. Lunde and Stone, ‘Book of the Configuration of the Earth’, in Land of Darkness, р. 173.
559
Там же а также Al-Muqaddasī, Land of Darkness, р. 170.
560
al-Jāḥiẓ, Kitāb al-Ḥayawān, цитируется в C. Verlinden, L’Esclavage dans l’Europe mediévale, 2 vols (Bruges, 1955–1977), 1, р. 213.
561
Там же.
562
Verlinden, Esclavage, 2, рр. 218–230, 731–732; W. Phillips, Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade (Manchester, 1985), р. 62.
563
H. Loyn and R. Percival (eds), The Reign of Charlemagne: Documents on Carolingian Government and Administration (London, 1975), р. 129.
564
В Германии раньше было принято делать то же самое, используя приветствие «Servus».
565
Adam of Bremen, Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum, tr. T. Reuter, History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen (New York, 2002), I. 39–41.
566
Pactum Hlotharii I, in McCormick, ‘Carolingian Economy’, р. 47.
567
G. Luzzato, An Economic History of Italy from the Fall of the Roman Empire to the Sixteenth Century, tr. Р. Jones (London, 1961), рр. 35, 51–53; Phillips, Slavery, р. 63.
568
McCormick, ‘Carolingian Economy’, рр. 48–49.
569
Hudūd al-ʿĀlam, in The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography 372 AH – 982 AD, tr. V. Minorsky, ed. C. Bosworth (London, 1970), рр. 161–162.
570
Ibn Faḍlān, ‘Book of Ahmad ibn Faḍlān’, р. 44; Ibn Khurradādhbih, ‘Book of Roads and Kingdoms’, р. 12; Martinez, ‘Gardīzī’s Two Chapters on the Turks’, рр. 153–154.
571
Russian Primary Chronicle, tr. S. Cross and O. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (Cambridge, MA, 1953), р. 61.
572
Annales Bertiniani, ed. G. Waitz (Hanover, 1885), р. 35.
573
Masʿūdī, ‘Meadows of Gold’, рр. 145–146; Ibn Ḥawqal, ‘Book of the Configuration of the Earth’, р. 175.
574
Ibn Ḥawqal, ‘Book of the Configuration of the Earth’, р. 178.
575
R. Kovalev, ‘Mint Output in Tenth Century Bukhara: A Case Study of Dirham Production with Monetary Circulation in Northern Europe’, Russian History / Histoire Russe 28 (2001), рр. 250–259.
576
Russian Primary Chronicle, р. 86.
577
Там же, р. 90.
578
H. Halm, Das Reich des Mahdi. Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden (875–973) (Munich, 1991); F. Akbar, ‘The Secular Roots of Religious Dissidence in Early Islam: The Case of the Qaramita of Sawad Al-Kufa’, Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs 12.2 (1991), рр. 376–390. О распаде халифата в этот период см. M. van Berkel, N. El Cheikh, H. Kennedy and L. Osti, Crisis and Continuity at the Abbasid Court: Formal and Informal Politics in the Caliphate of al-Muqtadir (Leiden, 2013).
579
Bar Hebraeus, Ktābā d-maktbānūt zabnē, E. Budge (ed. and tr.), The Chronography of Gregory Abul Faraj, 2 vols (Oxford, 1932), 1, р. 164.
580
Matthew of Edessa, The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa, tr. A. Dostourian (Lanham, 1993), I. 1, р. 19; M. Canard, ‘Baghdad au IVe siècle de l’Hégire (Xe siècle de l’ère chrétienne)’, Arabica 9 (1962), рр. 282–283. См. здесь R. Bulliet, Cotton, Climate, and Camels in Early Islamic Iran: A Moment in World History (New York, 2009), рр. 79–81; R. Ellenblum, The Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean: Climate Change and the Decline of the East, 950–1072 (Cambridge, 2012), рр. 32–36.
581
Ellenblum, Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean, рр. 41–43.
582
C. Mango, The Homilies of Photius Patriarch of Constantinople (Cambridge, MA, 1958), рр. 88–89.
583
Russian Primary Chronicle, рр. 74–75.
584
Shepard, ‘The Viking Rus’ and Byzantium’, in S. Brink and N. Price (eds), The Viking World (Abingdon, 2008), рр. 498–501.
585
См., например, A. Poppe, ‘The Building of the Church of St Sophia in Kiev’, Journal of Medieval History 7.1 (1981), рр. 15–66.
586
Shepard, ‘Viking Rus’’, р. 510.
587
T. Noonan and R. Kovalev, ‘Prayer, Illumination and Good Times: The Export of Byzantine Wine and Oil to the North of Russia in Pre-Mongol Times’, Byzantium and the North. Acta Fennica 8 (1997), рр. 73–96; M. Roslund, ‘Brosamen vom Tisch der Reichen. Byzantinische Funde aus Lund und Sigtuna (ca. 980–1250)’, in M. Müller-Wille (ed.), Rom und Byzanz im Nordern. Mission und Glaubensweschel im Ostseeraum während des 8–14 Jahrhunderts (Stuttgart, 1997), 2, рр. 325–385.
588
L. Golombek, ‘The Draped Universe of Islam’, in Р. Parsons Soucek (ed.), Content and Context of Visual Arts in the Islamic World: Papers from a Colloquium in Memory of Richard Ettinghausen (University Park, PA, 1988), рр. 97–114. О текстильной продукции Антиохии после 1098 года см. T. Vorderstrasse, ‘Trade and Textiles from Medieval Antioch’, Al-Masāq 22.2 (2010), рр. 151–171.
589
D. Jacoby, ‘Byzantine Trade with Egypt from the Mid-Tenth Century to the Fourth Crusade’, Thesaurismata 30 (2000), р. 36.
590
V. Piacentini, ‘Merchant Families in the Gulf: A Mercantile and Cosmopolitan Dimension: The Written Evidence’, ARAM 11–12 (1999–2000), рр. 145–148.
591
D. Goitein, A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, 6 vols (Berkeley, 1967–1993), 4, р. 168; Jacoby, ‘Byzantine Trade with Egypt’, рр. 41–43.
592
Nāṣir-i Khusraw, Safarnāma, tr. W. Thackston, Nāṣer-e Khosraw’s Book of Travels (Albany, NY, 1986), рр. 39–40.
593
Jacoby, ‘Byzantine Trade with Egypt’, р. 42; S. Simonsohn, The Jews of Sicily 383–1300 (Leiden, 1997), рр. 314–316.
594
M. Vedeler, Silk for the Vikings (Oxford, 2014).
595
E. Brate and E. Wessén, Sveriges Runinskrifter: Södermanlands Runinskrifter (Stockholm, 1924–36), р. 154.
596
S. Jansson, Västmanlands runinskrifter (Stockholm, 1964), рр. 6–9.
597
G. Isitt, ‘Vikings in the Persian Gulf’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.4 (2007), рр. 389–406.
598
Р. Frankopan, ‘Levels of Contact between West and East: Pilgrims and Visitors to Constantinople and Jerusalem in the 9th–12th Centuries’, in S. Searight and Wagstaff (eds), Travellers in the Levant: Voyagers and Visionaries (Durham, 2001), рр. 87–108.
599
См. J. Wortley, Studies on the Cult of Relics in Byzantium up to 1204 (Farnham, 2009).
600
S. Blöndal, The Varangians of Byzantium, tr. B. Benedikz (Cambridge, 1978); Shepard, ‘The Uses of the Franks in 11th-Century Byzantium’, Anglo-Norman Studies 15 (1992), рр. 275–305.
601
Р. Frankopan, The First Crusade: The Call from the East (London, 2012), рр. 87–88.
602
H. Hoffmann, ‘Die Anfänge der Normannen in Süditalien’, Quellen und Forschungen aus Italienischen Archiven und Bibiliotheken 47 (1967), рр. 95–144; G. Loud, The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest (Singapore, 2000).
603
al-ʿUtbī, Kitāb-i Yamīnī, tr. J. Reynolds, Historical memoirs of the amír Sabaktagín, and the sultán Mahmúd of Ghazna (London, 1868), р. 140. См. в целом C. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids, 994–1040 (Cambridge, 1963).
604
A. Shapur Shahbāzī, Ferdowsī: A Critical Biography (Costa Mesa, CA, 1991), esр. рр. 91–93; а также G. Dabiri, ‘The Shahnama: Between the Samanids and the Ghaznavids’, Iranian Studies 43.1 (2010), рр. 13–28.
605
Y. Bregel, ‘Turko-Mongol Influences in Central Asia’, in R. Canfield (ed.), Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, 1991), р. 53ff.
606
Herrman, ‘Die älteste türkische Weltkarte’, рр. 21–28.
607
Yūsuf Khāṣṣ Ḥājib, Kutadgu Bilig, tr. R. Dankoff, Wisdom of Royal Glory (Kutadgu Bilig): A Turko-Islamic Mirror for Princes (Chicago, 1983), р. 192.
608
О подъеме сельджуков см. C. Lange and S. Mecit (eds), The Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture (Edinburgh, 2011).
609
Обсуждение некоторых противоречий в источниках см. здесь: O. Safi, Politics of Knowledge in Pre-Modern Islam: Negotiating Ideology and Religious Inquiry (Chapel Hill, NC, 2006), рр. 35–36.
610
Dunlop, History of the Jewish Khazars, р. 260; A. Peacock, Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation (Abingdon, 2010), рр. 33–34; Dickens, ‘Patriarch Timothy’, рр. 117–139.
611
Aristakes of Lastivert, Patmutʿiwn Aristakeay Vardapeti Lastiverttsʿwoy, tr. R. Bedrosian, Aristakēs Lastivertcʿi’s History (New York, 1985), р. 64.
612
Источники, посвященные битве при Манзикерте, собраны здесь C. Hillenbrand, Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol (Edinburgh, 2007), р. 26ff.
613
Frankopan, First Crusade, рр. 57–86.
614
Там же, рр. 13–25.
615
Bernold of Constance, Die Chroniken Bertholds von Reichenau und Bernolds von Konstanz, ed. I. Robinson (Hanover, 2003), р. 520.
616
Frankopan, First Crusade, рр. 1–3, 101–113.
617
Там же, в разных местах. О страхе перед Апокалипсисом см. J. Rubenstein, Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade and the Quest for Apocalypse (New York, 2011).
618
Albert of Aachen, Historia Iherosolimitana, ed. and tr. S. Edgington (Oxford, 2007), 5.45, р. 402; Frankopan, First Crusade, р. 173.
619
Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Jerusalem, tr. J. Hill and L. Hill, Le ‘Liber’ de Raymond d’Aguilers (Paris, 1969), 14, р. 127. Об экспедиции и крестовых походах в целом – C. Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (London, 2006).
620
Fulcher of Chartres, Gesta Francorum Iherusalem Peregrinantium, tr. F. Ryan, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem 1095–1127 (Knoxville, 1969), I.27, р. 122. Существует множество исследований о связи психического здоровья и ярости в бою, например, R. Ursano et al., ‘Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Traumatic Stress: From Bench to Bedside, from War to Disaster’, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1208 (2010), рр. 72–81.
621
Anna Komnene, Alexias, tr. Р. Frankopan, Alexiad (London, 2009), 13.11, рр. 383–384; о возвращении Боэмунда в Европу – L. Russo, ‘Il viaggio di Boemundo d’Altavilla in Francia’, Archivio storico italiano 603 (2005), рр. 3–42; Frankopan, First Crusade, рр. 188–189.
622
R. Chazan, ‘“Let Not a Remnant or a Residue Escape”: Millenarian Enthusiasm in the First Crusade’, Speculum 84 (2009), рр. 289–313.
623
al-Harawī, Kitāb al-ishārāt ilā maʿrifat al-ziyārāt in A. Maalouf, The Crusade through Arab Eyes (London, 1984), р. xiii. Также обратите внимание: Ibn al-Jawzī’, al-Muntaẓam fī tārīkh al-mulūk wa-al-umam, in C. Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh, 1999), р. 78. В целом см. здесь Р. Cobb, The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades (Oxford, 2014).
624
Рассказы о страданиях – S. Eidelberg (tr.), The Jews and the Crusaders (Madison, 1977). См. M. Gabriele, ‘Against the Enemies of Christ: The Role of Count Emicho in the Anti-Jewish Violence of the First Crusade’, in M. Frassetto (ed.), Christian Attitudes towards the Jews in the Middle Ages: A Casebook (Abingdon, 2007), рр. 61–82.
625
Frankopan, First Crusade, рр. 133–135, 167–171; J. Pryor, ‘The Oath of the Leaders of the Crusade to the Emperor Alexius Comnenus: Fealty, Homage’, Parergon, New Series 2 (1984), рр. 111–141.
626
Raymond of Aguilers, Le ‘Liber’, 10, рр. 74–75.
627
Frankopan, First Crusade, esр. р. 186ff.
628
Ibn al-Athīr, al-Kāmil fī l-taʾrīkh, tr. D. Richards, The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kāmil fīʼl-taʼrīkh (Aldershot, 2006), р. 13.
629
Jacoby, ‘Byzantine Trade with Egypt’, рр. 44–45.
630
S. Goitein, A Mediterranean Society, 1, р. 45.
631
A. Greif, ‘Reputation and Coalitions in Medieval Trade: Evidence on the Maghribi Traders’, Journal of Economic History 49.4 (1989), р. 861.
632
Ibn Khaldūn, Dīwān al-mubtadaʾ, tr. V. Monteil, Discours sur l’histoire universelle (al-Muqaddima), (Paris, 1978), р. 522.
633
Frankopan, First Crusade, рр. 29–30.
634
E. Occhipinti, Italia dei communi. Secoli XI–XIII (2000), рр. 20–21.
635
J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders, 1095–1131 (Cambridge, 1997), р. 17.
636
The Monk of the Lido, Monachi Anonymi Littorensis Historia de Translatio Sanctorum Magni Nicolai, in Recueil des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens Occidentaux 5, рр. 272–275; J. Prawer, The Crusaders’ Kingdom: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages (London, 2001), р. 489.
637
Codice diplomatico della repubblica di Genova, 3 vols (Rome, 1859–1940), 1, р. 20.
638
B. Kedar, ‘Genoa’s Golden Inscription in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre: A Case for the Defence’, in G. Airaldi and B. Kedar (eds), I comuni italiani nel regno crociato di Gerusalemme (Genoa, 1986), рр. 317–335. Также см. M. – L. Favreau-Lilie, который утверждает, что этот документ был изменен позже, Die Italiener im Heiligen Land vom ersten Kreuzzug bis zum Tode Heinrichs von Champagne (1098–1197) (Amsterdam, 1989), р. 328.
639
Dandolo, Chronica per extensum descripta, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, 25 vols (Bologna, 1938–1958), 12, р. 221. Также см. здесь: Monk of the Lido, Monachi Anonymi, рр. 258–259.
640
M. Pozza and G. Ravegnani, I Trattati con Bisanzio 992–1198 (Venice, 1993), рр. 38–45. О датах концессий, которые ранее были датированы 1080-ми годами. см. Р. Frankopan, ‘Byzantine Trade Privileges to Venice in the Eleventh Century: The Chrysobull of 1092’, Journal of Medieval History 30 (2004), рр. 135–160.
641
Monk of the Lido, Monachi Anonymi, рр. 258–259; Dandolo, Chronica, р. 221. Также см. D. Queller and I. Katele, ‘Venice and the Conquest of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem’, Studi Veneziani 21 (1986), р. 21.
642
F. Miklosich and J. Müller, Acta et Diplomata graeca medii aevi sacra et profana, 6 vols (Venice, 1860–1890), 3, рр. 9–13.
643
R.-J. Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States, 1096–1204, tr. J. Morris and J. Ridings (Oxford, 1993), рр. 87–94; ‘Noch einmal zu den Thema “Byzanz und die Kreuzfahrerstaaten”’, Poikila Byzantina 4 (1984), рр.121–174. Treaty of Devol, Alexiad, XII.24, рр. 385–396.
644
S. Epstein, Genoa and the Genoese: 958–1528 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1996), рр. 40–41; D. Abulafia, ‘Southern Italy, Sicily and Sardinia in the Medieval Mediterranean Economy’, in D. Abulafia, Commerce and Conquest in the Mediterranean (Aldershot, 1993), 1, рр. 24–27.
645
T. Asbridge, ‘The Significance and Causes of the Battle of the Field of Blood’, Journal of Medieval History 23.4 (1997), рр. 301–316.
646
Fulcher of Chartres, Gesta Francorum, р. 238.
647
G. Tafel and G. Thomas, Urkunden zur älteren handels und Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig, 3 vols (Vienna, 1857), 1, р. 78; Queller and Katele, ‘Venice and the Conquest’, рр. 29–30.
648
Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, 1, рр. 95–98; Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States, рр. 96–100; T. Devaney, ‘“Like an Ember Buried in Ashes”: The Byzantine – Venetian Conflict of 1119–1126’, in T. Madden, J. Naus and V. Ryan (eds), Crusades – Medieval Worlds in Conflict (Farnham, 2010), рр. 127–147.
649
Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, 1, рр. 84–89, а также здесь J. Prawer, ‘The Italians in the Latin Kingdom’ in Tafel and Thomas, Crusader Institutions (Oxford, 1980), р. 224; M. Barber, The Crusader States (London, 2012), рр. 139–142; J. Riley-Smith, ‘The Venetian Crusade of 1122–1124’, in Airaldi and Kedar, I Comuni Italiani, рр. 339–350.
650
G. Bresc-Bautier, Le Cartulaire du chapitre du Saint-Sépulcre de Jérusalem (Paris, 1984), рр. 51–52.
651
Bernard of Clairvaux, The Letters of St Bernard of Clairvaux, ed. and tr. B. James and B. Kienzle (Stroud, 1998), р. 391.
652
Annali Genovesi de Caffaro e dei suoi Continutatori, 1099–1240, 5 vols (Genoa, 1890–1929) 1, р. 48.
653
D. Abulafia, The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean (London, 2011), р. 298. Также см. D. Abulafia, ‘Christian Merchants in the Almohad Cities’, Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies 2 (2010), рр. 251–257; O. Constable, Housing the Stranger in the Mediterranean World: Lodging, Trade and Travel in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 2003), р. 278.
654
Р. Jones, The Italian City State: From Commune to Signoria (Oxford, 1997), а также M. Ginatempo and L. Sandri, L’Italia delle città: il popolamento urbano tra Medioevo e Rinascimento (secoli XIII–XVI) (Florence, 1990).
655
Usāma b. Munqidh, Kitāb al-iʿtibār, tr. Р. Cobb, The Book of Contemplation: Islam and the Crusades (London, 2008), р. 153.
656
V. Lagardère, Histoire et société en Occident musulman: analyse du Mi’yar d’al-Wansharisi (Madrid, 1995), р. 128; D. Valérian, ‘Ifrīqiyan Muslim Merchants in the Mediterranean at the End of the Middle Ages’, Mediterranean Historical Review 14.2 (2008), р. 50.
657
Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum, ed. and tr. R. Hill (London, 1962), 3, р. 21.
658
См. C. Burnett (ed.), Adelard of Bath: An English Scientist and Arabist of the Early Twelfth Century (London, 1987); L. Cochrane, Adelard of Bath: The First English Scientist (London, 1994).
659
Adelard of Bath, Adelard of Bath, Conversations with his Nephew: On the Same and the Different, Questions on Natural Science and on Birds, ed. and tr. C. Burnett (Cambridge, 1998), р. 83.
660
A. Pym, Negotiating the Frontier: Translators and Intercultures in Hispanic History (Manchester, 2000), р. 41.
661
T. Burman, Reading the Qurʾān in Latin Christendom, 1140–1560 (Philadelphia, 2007).
662
Р. Frankopan, ‘The Literary, Cultural and Political Context for the Twelfth-Century Commentary on the Nicomachean Ethics’, in C. Barber (ed.), Medieval Greek Commentaries on the Nicomachean Ethics (Leiden, 2009), рр. 45–62.
663
Abulafia, Great Sea, р. 298.
664
A. Shalem, Islam Christianised: Islamic Portable Objects in the Medieval Church Treasuries of the Latin West (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1998).
665
Vorderstrasse, ‘Trade and Textiles from Medieval Antioch’, рр. 168–171; M. Meuwese, ‘Antioch and the Crusaders in Western Art’, in East and West in the Medieval Mediterranean (Leuven, 2006), рр. 337–355.
666
R. Falkner, ‘Taxes of the Kingdom of Jerusalem’, in Statistical Documents of the Middle Ages: Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History 3:2 (Philadelphia, 1907), рр. 19–23.
667
C. Cahen, Makhzumiyyat: études sur l’histoire économique et financière de l’Egypte médiévale (Leiden, 1977); Abulafia, ‘Africa, Asia and the Trade of Medieval Europe’, рр. 402–473.
668
S. Stern, ‘Ramisht of Siraf: A Merchant Millionaire of the Twelfth Century’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1.2 (1967), рр. 10–14.
669
T. Madden, ‘Venice and Constantinople in 1171 and 1172: Enrico Dandolo’s Attitudes towards Byzantium’, Mediterranean Historical Review 8.2 (1993), рр. 166–185.
670
D. Nicol, Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations (Cambridge, 1988), р. 107.
671
Р. Magdalino, ‘Isaac II, Saladin and Venice’, in J. Shepard (ed.), The Expansion of Orthodox Europe: Byzantium, the Balkans and Russia (Aldershot, 2007), рр. 93–106.
672
Ibn Shaddād, Life of Saladin by Baha ad-Din (London, 1897), рр. 121–122; G. Anderson, ‘Islamic Spaces and Diplomacy in Constantinople (Tenth to Thirteenth Centuries c.e.)’, Medieval Encounters 15 (2009), рр. 104–105.
673
Anna Komnene, Alexiad, X.5, р. 277.
674
Ibn Jubayr, Riḥlat Ibn Jubayr, tr. R. Broadhurst, The Travels of Ibn Jubayr (London, 1952), р. 315.
675
Там же, а также C. Chism, ‘Memory, Wonder and Desire in the Travels of Ibn Jubayr and Ibn Battuta’, in N. Paul and S. Yeager (eds), Remembering the Crusades: Myth, Image and Identity (Cambridge, 2012), рр. 35–36.
676
Ibn al-Athīr, Chronicle, рр. 289–290; Barber, Crusader States, р. 284.
677
Barber, Crusader States, рр. 296–297; Imād al-Dīn, al-Fatḥ al-qussī fī l-fatḥ al-qudsī, tr. H. Massé, Conquête de la Syrie et de la Palestine par Saladin (Paris, 1972), рр. 27–28.
678
Barber, Crusader States, рр. 305–313; T. Asbridge, The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land (London, 2010), рр. 342–364.
679
J. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A History (London, 1987), р. 137.
680
J. Phillips, The Crusades 1095–1197 (London, 2002), рр. 146–150; J. Phillips, Holy Warriors: A Modern History of the Crusades (London, 2009), рр. 136–165.
681
Geoffrey of Villehardouin, ‘The Conquest of Constantinople’, in Chronicles of the Crusades, tr. M. Shaw (London, 1963), р. 35.
682
William of Tyre, Chronicon, ed. R. Huygens, 2 vols (Turnhout, 1986), 2, р. 408; J. Phillips, The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople (London, 2004), рр. 67–68.
683
D. Queller and T. Madden, ‘Some Further Arguments in Defence of the Venetians on the Fourth Crusade’, Byzantion 62 (1992), р. 438.
684
T. Madden, ‘Venice, the Papacy and the Crusades before 1204’, in S. Ridyard (ed.), The Medieval Crusade (Woodbridge, 2004), рр. 85–95.
685
D. Queller and T. Madden, The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople (Philadelphia, 1997), р. 55ff.
686
Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, 1, рр. 444–452.
687
Robert of Clari, La Conquête de Constantinople, ed. Р. Lauer (Paris, 1924), 72–73, рр. 71–72.
688
Niketas Khoniates, Khronike diegesis, ed. J. van Dieten, Nicetae Choniatae Historia (New York, 1975), рр. 568–577.
689
Р. Riant, Exuviae sacrae constantinopolitanae, 2 vols (Geneva, 1876), 1, рр. 104–105.
690
Khoniates, Khronike, р. 591. О важной переоценке ущерба городу – T. Madden, ‘The Fires of the Fourth Crusade in Constantinople, 1203–1204: A Damage Assessment’, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 84/85 (1992), рр. 72–93.
691
См. M. Angold, The Fourth Crusade (2003), рр. 219–267; а также D. Perry, ‘The Translatio Symonensis and the Seven Thieves: Venetian Fourth Crusade Furta Sacra Narrative and the Looting of Constantinople’, in T. Madden (ed.), The Fourth Crusade: Event, Aftermath and Perceptions (Aldershot, 2008), рр. 89–112.
692
R. Gallo, ‘La tomba di Enrico Dandolo in Santa Sofia a Constantinople’, Rivista Mensile della Città di Venezia 6 (1927), рр. 270–283; T. Madden, Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice (Baltimore, 2003), рр. 193–194.
693
Michael Khoniates, Michaelis Choniatae Epistulae, ed. F. Kolovou (Berlin, 2001), Letters 145, 165, 100; T. Shawcross, ‘The Lost Generation (c. 1204 – c. 1222): Political Allegiance and Local Interests under the Impact of the Fourth Crusade’, in J. Herrin and G. Saint-Guillain (eds), Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204 (Farnham, 2011), рр. 9–45.
694
TafelandThomas, Urkunden, 1, рр. 464–488; N. Oikonomides, ‘La Decomposition de l’Empire byzantin à la veille de 1204 et les origines de l’Empire de Nicée: à propos de la “Partitio Romaniae”’, in XV Congrès international d’études byzan-tines (Athens, 1976), 1, рр. 3–22.
695
C. Otten-Froux, ‘Identities and Allegiances: The Perspective of Genoa and Pisa’, in Herrin and Saint-Guillan, Identities and Allegiances, р. 265ff; а также G. Jehei, ‘The Struggle for Hegemony in the Eastern Mediterranean: An Episode in the Relations between Venice and Genoa According to the Chronicles of Ogerio Pane’, Mediterranean Historical Review 11.2 (1996), рр. 196–207.
696
F. Van Tricht, The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228) (Leiden, 2011), esр. рр. 157ff.
697
См. S. McMichael, ‘Francis and the Encounter with the Sultan [1219] ’, in The Cambridge Companion to Francis of Assisi, ed. M. Robson (Cambridge, 2012), рр. 127–142; J. Tolan, Saint Francis and the Sultan: The Curious History of a Christian-Muslim Encounter (Oxford, 2009).
698
Dulumeau, History of Paradise, рр. 71–96.
699
M. Gosman, ‘La Légende du Prêtre Jean et la propagande auprès des croisés devant Damiette (1228–1221)’, in D. Buschinger (ed.), La Croisade: réalités et fictions. Actes du colloque d’Amiens 18–22 mars 1987 (Göppinger, 1989), рр. 133–142; J. Valtrovà, ‘Beyond the Horizons of Legends: Traditional Imagery and Direct Experience in Medieval Accounts of Asia’, Numen 57 (2010), рр. 166–167.
700
C. Beckingham, ‘The Achievements of Prester John’, in C. Beckingham and B. Hamilton (eds), Prester John, the Mongols and the Ten Lost Tribes (Aldershot, 1996), рр. 1–22; Р. Jackson, The Mongols and the West (London, 2005), рр. 20–21.
701
F. Zarncke, ‘Der Priester Johannes II’, Abhandlungen der Königlich Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Phil. – hist. Kl. 8 (1876), р. 9.
702
Jackson, Mongols and the West, рр. 48–49.
703
Hetʿum, PatmichʿTʿatʿaratsʿ, La flor des estoires de la terre d’Orient, in Recueil des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens Arméniens 1, р. x.
704
‘Ata-Malik Juvaynī, Taʾrīx-i Jahān-Gušā, tr. J. Boyle, Genghis Khan: The History of the World-Conqueror, 2 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1958), 1, 1, рр. 21–22.
705
О значении слова «Чингиз» как титула см. I. de Rachewiltz, ‘The Title Činggis Qan / Qayan Re-examined’, in W. Hessig and K. Sangster (eds), Gedanke und Wirkung (Wiesbaden, 1989), рр. 282–288; T. Allsen, ‘The Rise of the Mongolian Empire and Mongolian Rule in North China’, in The Cambridge History of China, 15 vols (Cambridge, 1978), 6, р. 321ff.