2. Stalin and his followers who were called, in this sense, “state socialists” – although it was Lenin who was proclaimed the progenitor of the market reforms of socialism in 1951. In the 1980s, this trend finally merged with the market socialists,22 who had earlier been designated “revisionists.” István Mészáros gives a generous summary of the characteristics of market socialism’s nature. Most importantly he unmasks the common motives of social democratic thinking and the Stalinist tradition in their similar “superstitious” way of relating to state and market. Both camps positioned themselves rigidly in opposition to the conversion of state property into communal property. Both the traditional forms of labor division and the power of disposing of surplus value remained within the scope of the detached apparatus. Every experiment that tried to reform this was undermined by the leaders of that party, even though Lenin had founded it with exactly the opposite aim. Though the later forms of market socialism were advertised as reformed state socialism, the first (market socialism) proved to be an evolved state of the second (state socialism), which in the end led to capitalism.23

3. The conception of socialism founded on autodynamic – self-generating – and needs-based production, direct democracy, cooperative ventures, and the “cooperative system” of producer and consumer collectives, traces back to Lenin’s way of thinking and has a rather extensive historiography to its credit.24

Аннотация. Понимание исторического места революций 1917 г. в России необходимо для формирования позитивного исторического самосознания нашего общества. Февраль 1917 г. – классическая буржуазная революция нового времени. Октябрь 1917 г. – новая социально-политическая революция, которая не завершает формирование нового общества, нового социально-экономического организма, а впервые в истории начинает создание такого общества с захвата политической власти в стране и создание нового общества на основе мировоззренческого, философского, экономического, культурного и социально-политического проекта. С Октября 1917 г. мы можем говорить о вариативности исторического процесса, о строительстве нового общества, создании и применении технологий социального управления.

Ключевые слова: революция, политическая революция, прогресс и регресс в развитии общества, историческое место советского общества, альтернативный тип буржуазному обществу, архаизация общества, естественно-исторические процессы, технологии управления социально-политическими процессами.

Absrtact. Understanding the historical place of the revolution of 1917 in Russia is necessary for the formation of a positive historical identity of our society. February 1917 – the classic bourgeois revolution of the new time. October 1917 is a new socio-political revolution that does not complete the formation of a new society, a new socioeconomic organism, but for the first time in history begins the creation of a new society with the seizure of political power in the country and the creation of a new society based on ideological, philosophical, economic cultural and socio-political project of a new society. From October 1917 we can talk about the variability of the historical process, the construction of a new society, the creation and application of social management technologies.